Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance

Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells that contain bioactive cargo such as cytokines or non-coding RNA. It is widely known that EVs influence the activity of other cells; they take part in the pathogenesis and compensatory mechanisms of multiple diseases. Frequ...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Kajetan Kiełbowski, Paulina Plewa, Jacek Szulc, Maciej Ćmil, Estera Bakinowska, Andrzej Pawlik
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Biomedicines
Subjects:
extracellular vesicles
cancer
autoimmune diseases
programmed cell death protein 1
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1356
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