Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells that contain bioactive cargo such as cytokines or non-coding RNA. It is widely known that EVs influence the activity of other cells; they take part in the pathogenesis and compensatory mechanisms of multiple diseases. Frequ...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Kajetan Kiełbowski Paulina Plewa Jacek Szulc Maciej Ćmil Estera Bakinowska Andrzej Pawlik |
| author_facet | Kajetan Kiełbowski Paulina Plewa Jacek Szulc Maciej Ćmil Estera Bakinowska Andrzej Pawlik |
| author_sort | Kajetan Kiełbowski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells that contain bioactive cargo such as cytokines or non-coding RNA. It is widely known that EVs influence the activity of other cells; they take part in the pathogenesis and compensatory mechanisms of multiple diseases. Frequently, EVs can share the properties of their source cells, thus allowing the use of EVs as non-cellular vectors or therapeutic agents. Importantly, these structures can express the ligand for the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1). It binds to the PD-1 protein present on the immune cells, which suppresses the activity of T cells. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis is widely known in the field of oncology, as PD-L1 present on the surface of cancer cells inhibits cytotoxic activity of T cells, thus promoting cancer growth and treatment resistance. Immunotherapy prevents PD-1/PD-L1 binding and restores anticancer properties of the immune cells. By contrast, the above-mentioned binding is desired in the context of autoimmunity, where abnormal activity of immune cells is a hallmark element in the pathogenesis of these conditions. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the latest findings regarding the role of EVs-PD-L1 in cancer and autoimmunity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ac1f9c319c5d43f1ab8d352f583aea33 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj-art-ac1f9c319c5d43f1ab8d352f583aea332025-08-20T03:26:53ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592025-05-01136135610.3390/biomedicines13061356Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical ImportanceKajetan Kiełbowski0Paulina Plewa1Jacek Szulc2Maciej Ćmil3Estera Bakinowska4Andrzej Pawlik5Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells that contain bioactive cargo such as cytokines or non-coding RNA. It is widely known that EVs influence the activity of other cells; they take part in the pathogenesis and compensatory mechanisms of multiple diseases. Frequently, EVs can share the properties of their source cells, thus allowing the use of EVs as non-cellular vectors or therapeutic agents. Importantly, these structures can express the ligand for the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1). It binds to the PD-1 protein present on the immune cells, which suppresses the activity of T cells. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis is widely known in the field of oncology, as PD-L1 present on the surface of cancer cells inhibits cytotoxic activity of T cells, thus promoting cancer growth and treatment resistance. Immunotherapy prevents PD-1/PD-L1 binding and restores anticancer properties of the immune cells. By contrast, the above-mentioned binding is desired in the context of autoimmunity, where abnormal activity of immune cells is a hallmark element in the pathogenesis of these conditions. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the latest findings regarding the role of EVs-PD-L1 in cancer and autoimmunity.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1356extracellular vesiclescancerautoimmune diseasesprogrammed cell death protein 1 |
| spellingShingle | Kajetan Kiełbowski Paulina Plewa Jacek Szulc Maciej Ćmil Estera Bakinowska Andrzej Pawlik Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance Biomedicines extracellular vesicles cancer autoimmune diseases programmed cell death protein 1 |
| title | Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance |
| title_full | Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance |
| title_fullStr | Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance |
| title_short | Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1—A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance |
| title_sort | extracellular vesicles and pd l1 a review of complex immunoregulatory properties and clinical importance |
| topic | extracellular vesicles cancer autoimmune diseases programmed cell death protein 1 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1356 |
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