Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review
ObjectiveTo establish the current body of evidence regarding the safety of cassava and cassava-based products for human consumption and to identify the most effective preparation methods to reduce toxicity.MethodsThe main databases searched were CABI, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1497609/full |
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| author | Ambang Tatianne Forkum Ambang Tatianne Forkum Alang Ernest Wung Alang Ernest Wung Mark Tata Kelese Mark Tata Kelese Che Myra Ndum Che Myra Ndum Alvin Lontum Alvin Lontum Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga Melaine Nyuyfoni Nsaikila Patrick Mbah Okwen |
| author_facet | Ambang Tatianne Forkum Ambang Tatianne Forkum Alang Ernest Wung Alang Ernest Wung Mark Tata Kelese Mark Tata Kelese Che Myra Ndum Che Myra Ndum Alvin Lontum Alvin Lontum Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga Melaine Nyuyfoni Nsaikila Patrick Mbah Okwen |
| author_sort | Ambang Tatianne Forkum |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectiveTo establish the current body of evidence regarding the safety of cassava and cassava-based products for human consumption and to identify the most effective preparation methods to reduce toxicity.MethodsThe main databases searched were CABI, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the JBI Evidence Synthesis, Science Direct, Agricola, AGRIS, Web of Science, Scopus and Proquest. We limited our search to studies published from 1980 to date. Two independent reviewers were used to review identified titles and abstracts for data extraction that was pooled in a statistical meta-analysis for analyses. We reviewed full papers of relevant abstracts. This data was collected from multiple studies examining hydrogen cyanide (HCN) levels in traditionally soaked cassava chips, cassava biscuits, gari, cassava flour, cassava roots, and cassava paste/dough. HCN content was measured and compared across these products, with results expressed in mg/kg. HCN values in these products were presented on graphs, and mean scores were calculated and compared against FAO/WHO’s maximum recommended dosage of 10 mg/kg.ResultsThe study found significant variations in HCN content across cassava and different cassava-based products and by regions. The recommended FAO/WHO standard is 10 mg/kg, and that the high variation in the samples was due largely to the method of processing the product. Traditionally soaked cassava chips exhibited the highest average HCN levels (46.6 mg/kg). Cassava biscuits showed lower HCN levels, averaging 12 mg/kg. Gari products had an average HCN content of 5.7 mg/kg, while cassava flour exhibited significant variation, with an average of 71.1 mg/kg. Cassava roots and paste/dough also showed high HCN levels, with averages of 60.98 mg/kg and 38.1 mg/kg, respectively. Gari, which is the most popular form of cassava based products is rich in roughage and has a safe level cyanide, and is a potential product for international markets.ConclusionThe findings highlight the potentials of cassava based products for international markets and the critical need for improved cassava processing techniques to reduce HCN levels and mitigate the risk of cyanide poisoning. Effective methods such as fermentation, drying, and combining cassava with other ingredients can significantly lower HCN content. Standardized processing practices, regulatory standards, and community education are essential to ensure the safety of cassava-based products. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-abdab9ba6530485fa97dadf9836b5b60 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2571-581X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-abdab9ba6530485fa97dadf9836b5b602025-08-20T02:24:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems2571-581X2025-04-01910.3389/fsufs.2025.14976091497609Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic reviewAmbang Tatianne Forkum0Ambang Tatianne Forkum1Alang Ernest Wung2Alang Ernest Wung3Mark Tata Kelese4Mark Tata Kelese5Che Myra Ndum6Che Myra Ndum7Alvin Lontum8Alvin Lontum9Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga10Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga11Melaine Nyuyfoni Nsaikila12Patrick Mbah Okwen13Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonDepartment of Developmental Studies, ICT University, Yaounde, CameroonEffective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonDepartment of Economics Policy Analysis, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonEffective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonDepartment of Economics, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, CameroonEffective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonDepartment of Special Needs Education University of Yaounde, Yaounde, CameroonEffective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonDepartment of Economics, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, CameroonEffective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonDepartment of Health Economics Policy and Management, Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda, CameroonEffective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonEffective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, CameroonObjectiveTo establish the current body of evidence regarding the safety of cassava and cassava-based products for human consumption and to identify the most effective preparation methods to reduce toxicity.MethodsThe main databases searched were CABI, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the JBI Evidence Synthesis, Science Direct, Agricola, AGRIS, Web of Science, Scopus and Proquest. We limited our search to studies published from 1980 to date. Two independent reviewers were used to review identified titles and abstracts for data extraction that was pooled in a statistical meta-analysis for analyses. We reviewed full papers of relevant abstracts. This data was collected from multiple studies examining hydrogen cyanide (HCN) levels in traditionally soaked cassava chips, cassava biscuits, gari, cassava flour, cassava roots, and cassava paste/dough. HCN content was measured and compared across these products, with results expressed in mg/kg. HCN values in these products were presented on graphs, and mean scores were calculated and compared against FAO/WHO’s maximum recommended dosage of 10 mg/kg.ResultsThe study found significant variations in HCN content across cassava and different cassava-based products and by regions. The recommended FAO/WHO standard is 10 mg/kg, and that the high variation in the samples was due largely to the method of processing the product. Traditionally soaked cassava chips exhibited the highest average HCN levels (46.6 mg/kg). Cassava biscuits showed lower HCN levels, averaging 12 mg/kg. Gari products had an average HCN content of 5.7 mg/kg, while cassava flour exhibited significant variation, with an average of 71.1 mg/kg. Cassava roots and paste/dough also showed high HCN levels, with averages of 60.98 mg/kg and 38.1 mg/kg, respectively. Gari, which is the most popular form of cassava based products is rich in roughage and has a safe level cyanide, and is a potential product for international markets.ConclusionThe findings highlight the potentials of cassava based products for international markets and the critical need for improved cassava processing techniques to reduce HCN levels and mitigate the risk of cyanide poisoning. Effective methods such as fermentation, drying, and combining cassava with other ingredients can significantly lower HCN content. Standardized processing practices, regulatory standards, and community education are essential to ensure the safety of cassava-based products.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1497609/fullcassavacassava-based products (CBP)garihydrogen cyanide (HCN)food safetycassava processing |
| spellingShingle | Ambang Tatianne Forkum Ambang Tatianne Forkum Alang Ernest Wung Alang Ernest Wung Mark Tata Kelese Mark Tata Kelese Che Myra Ndum Che Myra Ndum Alvin Lontum Alvin Lontum Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga Emmanuel Berinyuy Kamga Melaine Nyuyfoni Nsaikila Patrick Mbah Okwen Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems cassava cassava-based products (CBP) gari hydrogen cyanide (HCN) food safety cassava processing |
| title | Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review |
| title_full | Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review |
| title_fullStr | Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review |
| title_short | Safety of cassava and cassava-based products: a systematic review |
| title_sort | safety of cassava and cassava based products a systematic review |
| topic | cassava cassava-based products (CBP) gari hydrogen cyanide (HCN) food safety cassava processing |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1497609/full |
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