A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader
Electric wheel loaders (EWLs) have emerged as a pivotal innovation in the 2020s, representing a transformative shift toward high-efficiency, low-emission construction machinery. Despite their growing technological and environmental significance, a systematic synthesis of advancements in EWL design,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/16/3/164 |
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| author | Xiaotao Fei Zuo Cheng Shaw Voon Wong Muhammad Amin Azman Dawei Wang Xiuxian Zhang Qiuchen Shao Qingqiu Lin |
| author_facet | Xiaotao Fei Zuo Cheng Shaw Voon Wong Muhammad Amin Azman Dawei Wang Xiuxian Zhang Qiuchen Shao Qingqiu Lin |
| author_sort | Xiaotao Fei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electric wheel loaders (EWLs) have emerged as a pivotal innovation in the 2020s, representing a transformative shift toward high-efficiency, low-emission construction machinery. Despite their growing technological and environmental significance, a systematic synthesis of advancements in EWL design, energy optimization, and intelligent control remains absent in the literature. To bridge this gap, this review critically evaluates over 140 studies for comparative analysis. Building on the authors’ ongoing research, this paper categorizes EWL architectures and examines breakthroughs in hydraulic systems, drivetrain configurations, and bucket dynamics optimization. A dedicated focus is placed on energy-saving strategies, including advancements in battery technology, fast-charging infrastructure, intelligent torque distribution, and data-driven modeling of shoveling and operational resistance. The analysis reveals that integrating optimal control strategies with machine learning algorithms—such as model predictive control (MPC)—is a critical pathway to achieving energy-efficient and assisted driving in next-generation EWLs. Furthermore, this review advocates for the adoption of distributed electro-hydraulic drive systems to minimize hydraulic losses and enable efficient energy recovery during actuator control. By synthesizing these insights, this work not only highlights current technological frontiers but also proposes actionable research directions to accelerate the commercialization of intelligent, sustainable EWLs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ab821364915341a0b3cfc3fc4aca9ecb |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2032-6653 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-ab821364915341a0b3cfc3fc4aca9ecb2025-08-20T02:43:05ZengMDPI AGWorld Electric Vehicle Journal2032-66532025-03-0116316410.3390/wevj16030164A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel LoaderXiaotao Fei0Zuo Cheng1Shaw Voon Wong2Muhammad Amin Azman3Dawei Wang4Xiuxian Zhang5Qiuchen Shao6Qingqiu Lin7Department of Automobile Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huai’an 223003, ChinaDepartment of Automobile Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huai’an 223003, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical & Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical & Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Automobile Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huai’an 223003, ChinaDepartment of Automobile Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huai’an 223003, ChinaDepartment of Automobile Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huai’an 223003, ChinaDepartment of Automobile Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huai’an 223003, ChinaElectric wheel loaders (EWLs) have emerged as a pivotal innovation in the 2020s, representing a transformative shift toward high-efficiency, low-emission construction machinery. Despite their growing technological and environmental significance, a systematic synthesis of advancements in EWL design, energy optimization, and intelligent control remains absent in the literature. To bridge this gap, this review critically evaluates over 140 studies for comparative analysis. Building on the authors’ ongoing research, this paper categorizes EWL architectures and examines breakthroughs in hydraulic systems, drivetrain configurations, and bucket dynamics optimization. A dedicated focus is placed on energy-saving strategies, including advancements in battery technology, fast-charging infrastructure, intelligent torque distribution, and data-driven modeling of shoveling and operational resistance. The analysis reveals that integrating optimal control strategies with machine learning algorithms—such as model predictive control (MPC)—is a critical pathway to achieving energy-efficient and assisted driving in next-generation EWLs. Furthermore, this review advocates for the adoption of distributed electro-hydraulic drive systems to minimize hydraulic losses and enable efficient energy recovery during actuator control. By synthesizing these insights, this work not only highlights current technological frontiers but also proposes actionable research directions to accelerate the commercialization of intelligent, sustainable EWLs.https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/16/3/164EWLhydraulic systemdistributed driveenergy savingassisted driving |
| spellingShingle | Xiaotao Fei Zuo Cheng Shaw Voon Wong Muhammad Amin Azman Dawei Wang Xiuxian Zhang Qiuchen Shao Qingqiu Lin A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader World Electric Vehicle Journal EWL hydraulic system distributed drive energy saving assisted driving |
| title | A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader |
| title_full | A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader |
| title_fullStr | A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader |
| title_short | A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader |
| title_sort | comprehensive overview of the development and research of energy savings of electric wheel loader |
| topic | EWL hydraulic system distributed drive energy saving assisted driving |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/16/3/164 |
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