A novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to establish a novel and practical nomogram for use upon hospital admission to identify coinfections among elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide timely intervention, limit antimicrobial agent overuse, and finally reduce unfavourable...

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Main Authors: Ju Zou, Xiaoxu Wang, Jie Li, Min Liu, Xiaoting Zhao, Ling Wang, Xuyuan Kuang, Yan Huang, Jun Quan, Ruochan Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:Virology Journal
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02854-z
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author Ju Zou
Xiaoxu Wang
Jie Li
Min Liu
Xiaoting Zhao
Ling Wang
Xuyuan Kuang
Yan Huang
Jun Quan
Ruochan Chen
author_facet Ju Zou
Xiaoxu Wang
Jie Li
Min Liu
Xiaoting Zhao
Ling Wang
Xuyuan Kuang
Yan Huang
Jun Quan
Ruochan Chen
author_sort Ju Zou
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Objectives This study aimed to establish a novel and practical nomogram for use upon hospital admission to identify coinfections among elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide timely intervention, limit antimicrobial agent overuse, and finally reduce unfavourable outcomes. Methods This prospective cohort study included COVID-19 patients consecutively admitted at multicenter medical facilities in a two-stage process. The nomogram was built on the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The performance of the nomogram was assessed for discrimination and calibration using receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA) in rigorous internal and external validation settings. Two different cutoff values were determined to stratify coinfection risk in elderly patients with COVID-19. Results The coinfection rates in elderly patients determined to be and 26.61%. The nomogram was developed with the parameters of diabetes comorbidity, previous invasive procedure, and procalcitonin (PCT) level, which together showed areas under the curve of 0.86, 0.82, and 0.83 in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively. The nomogram outperformed both PCT or C-reactive protein level alone in detecting coinfections in elderly patients with COVID-19; in addition, we found the nomogram was specific for the elderly compared to non-elderly group. To facilitate clinical decision-making among elderly patients with COVID-19, we defined two cutoff values of prediction probability: a low cutoff of 6.65% to rule out coinfections and a high cutoff of 27.79% to confidently confirm coinfections. Conclusions This novel nomogram will assist in the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with COVID-19.
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spelling doaj-art-ab7fe965e2d54101b7faaf498e26fef12025-08-20T03:45:27ZengBMCVirology Journal1743-422X2025-07-0122111610.1186/s12985-025-02854-zA novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019Ju Zou0Xiaoxu Wang1Jie Li2Min Liu3Xiaoting Zhao4Ling Wang5Xuyuan Kuang6Yan Huang7Jun Quan8Ruochan Chen9Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityDepartment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityDepartment of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityAbstract Objectives This study aimed to establish a novel and practical nomogram for use upon hospital admission to identify coinfections among elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide timely intervention, limit antimicrobial agent overuse, and finally reduce unfavourable outcomes. Methods This prospective cohort study included COVID-19 patients consecutively admitted at multicenter medical facilities in a two-stage process. The nomogram was built on the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The performance of the nomogram was assessed for discrimination and calibration using receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA) in rigorous internal and external validation settings. Two different cutoff values were determined to stratify coinfection risk in elderly patients with COVID-19. Results The coinfection rates in elderly patients determined to be and 26.61%. The nomogram was developed with the parameters of diabetes comorbidity, previous invasive procedure, and procalcitonin (PCT) level, which together showed areas under the curve of 0.86, 0.82, and 0.83 in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively. The nomogram outperformed both PCT or C-reactive protein level alone in detecting coinfections in elderly patients with COVID-19; in addition, we found the nomogram was specific for the elderly compared to non-elderly group. To facilitate clinical decision-making among elderly patients with COVID-19, we defined two cutoff values of prediction probability: a low cutoff of 6.65% to rule out coinfections and a high cutoff of 27.79% to confidently confirm coinfections. Conclusions This novel nomogram will assist in the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with COVID-19.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02854-zCOVID-19CoinfectionsEarly identificationElderlyNomogram
spellingShingle Ju Zou
Xiaoxu Wang
Jie Li
Min Liu
Xiaoting Zhao
Ling Wang
Xuyuan Kuang
Yan Huang
Jun Quan
Ruochan Chen
A novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
Virology Journal
COVID-19
Coinfections
Early identification
Elderly
Nomogram
title A novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
title_full A novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
title_fullStr A novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
title_full_unstemmed A novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
title_short A novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
title_sort novel nomogram for the early identification of coinfections in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
topic COVID-19
Coinfections
Early identification
Elderly
Nomogram
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02854-z
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