Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations

Microplastics have become prominent environmental pollutants in both marine and freshwater systems, which raises ecological and health concerns. This study provides a comprehensive meta-analysis of microplastic concentration data from over 60 studies across Europe, investigating factors influencing...

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Main Authors: Linus Hartz, Lisa Grabinski, Samir Salameh
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Environmental Science
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1600570/full
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author Linus Hartz
Lisa Grabinski
Samir Salameh
author_facet Linus Hartz
Lisa Grabinski
Samir Salameh
author_sort Linus Hartz
collection DOAJ
description Microplastics have become prominent environmental pollutants in both marine and freshwater systems, which raises ecological and health concerns. This study provides a comprehensive meta-analysis of microplastic concentration data from over 60 studies across Europe, investigating factors influencing microplastic distribution. The investigated influences include sampling latitude, proximity to wastewater treatment plants, population density in the sampling area, sampling mesh size, distance to coastlines, seasonal variations, and wind speeds. The results indicate that microplastic concentrations correlate with mesh size in marine but not freshwater environments, suggesting the predominant microplastic type in fresh waters to be primary microplastics. Although it is generally accepted, that waste water treatment plants contribute to microplastic pollution, this study identifies other more significant factors, such as surface runoff and atmospheric deposition. Population density shows a modest influence, while the distance of sampling site from coastlines is, contrary to findings from other publications, not significantly related to microplastic concentration levels. Seasonal and wind speed effects are complex, with varied impacts across sampling locations and used correction factors have to be critically reevaluated. This analysis underscores the need for standardized methodologies in microplastic research, and it recommends specific sampling practices to enhance data comparability across studies, which contributes to a more accurate assessment of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.
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spelling doaj-art-ab1d8e638d8d48a6ba7bfd4d0939ca032025-08-20T03:14:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2025-05-011310.3389/fenvs.2025.16005701600570Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendationsLinus HartzLisa GrabinskiSamir SalamehMicroplastics have become prominent environmental pollutants in both marine and freshwater systems, which raises ecological and health concerns. This study provides a comprehensive meta-analysis of microplastic concentration data from over 60 studies across Europe, investigating factors influencing microplastic distribution. The investigated influences include sampling latitude, proximity to wastewater treatment plants, population density in the sampling area, sampling mesh size, distance to coastlines, seasonal variations, and wind speeds. The results indicate that microplastic concentrations correlate with mesh size in marine but not freshwater environments, suggesting the predominant microplastic type in fresh waters to be primary microplastics. Although it is generally accepted, that waste water treatment plants contribute to microplastic pollution, this study identifies other more significant factors, such as surface runoff and atmospheric deposition. Population density shows a modest influence, while the distance of sampling site from coastlines is, contrary to findings from other publications, not significantly related to microplastic concentration levels. Seasonal and wind speed effects are complex, with varied impacts across sampling locations and used correction factors have to be critically reevaluated. This analysis underscores the need for standardized methodologies in microplastic research, and it recommends specific sampling practices to enhance data comparability across studies, which contributes to a more accurate assessment of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1600570/fullmicroplasticsmeta-analysissampling methodologyaquatic environmentspollutionanthropogenic factors
spellingShingle Linus Hartz
Lisa Grabinski
Samir Salameh
Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations
Frontiers in Environmental Science
microplastics
meta-analysis
sampling methodology
aquatic environments
pollution
anthropogenic factors
title Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations
title_full Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations
title_fullStr Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations
title_full_unstemmed Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations
title_short Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments: a meta-analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations
title_sort microplastic pollution in aquatic environments a meta analysis of influencing factors and methodological recommendations
topic microplastics
meta-analysis
sampling methodology
aquatic environments
pollution
anthropogenic factors
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1600570/full
work_keys_str_mv AT linushartz microplasticpollutioninaquaticenvironmentsametaanalysisofinfluencingfactorsandmethodologicalrecommendations
AT lisagrabinski microplasticpollutioninaquaticenvironmentsametaanalysisofinfluencingfactorsandmethodologicalrecommendations
AT samirsalameh microplasticpollutioninaquaticenvironmentsametaanalysisofinfluencingfactorsandmethodologicalrecommendations