Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is one of the rapidly developing methods for cancer treatment based on the strong light-to-heat conversion by nanoparticles. Over the past decade, the palette of photonic materials has expanded drastically, and nanoparticle fabrication techniques can now preserve the optic...

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Main Authors: Amir Eghbali, Nikolay V. Pak, Aleksey V. Arsenin, Valentyn Volkov, Andrey A. Vyshnevyy
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Nanomaterials
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/942
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author Amir Eghbali
Nikolay V. Pak
Aleksey V. Arsenin
Valentyn Volkov
Andrey A. Vyshnevyy
author_facet Amir Eghbali
Nikolay V. Pak
Aleksey V. Arsenin
Valentyn Volkov
Andrey A. Vyshnevyy
author_sort Amir Eghbali
collection DOAJ
description Photothermal therapy (PTT) is one of the rapidly developing methods for cancer treatment based on the strong light-to-heat conversion by nanoparticles. Over the past decade, the palette of photonic materials has expanded drastically, and nanoparticle fabrication techniques can now preserve the optical response of a bulk material in produced nanoparticles. This progress potentially holds opportunities for the efficiency enhancement of PTT, which have not fully explored yet. Here we study the photothermal performance of spherical nanoparticles (SNs) composed of novel two-dimensional (2D) and conventional materials with existing or potential applications in photothermal therapy such as MoS<sub>2</sub>, PdSe<sub>2</sub>, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>, TaS<sub>2</sub>, and TiN. Using the Mie theory, we theoretically analyze the optical response of SNs across various radii of 5–100 nm in the near-infrared (NIR) region with a particular focus on the therapeutic NIR-II range (1000–1700 nm) and radii below 50 nm. Our calculations reveal distinct photothermal behaviors: Large (radius > 50 nm) nanoparticles made of van der Waals semiconductors and PdSe<sub>2</sub> perform exceptionally well in the NIR-I range (750–950 nm) due to excitonic optical responses, while Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles achieve broad effectiveness across both NIR zones due to their dual dielectric/plasmonic properties. Small TiN SNs excel in the NIR-I zone due to the plasmonic response of TiN at shorter wavelengths. Notably, the van der Waals metal TaS<sub>2</sub> emerges as the most promising photothermal transduction agent in the NIR-II region, particularly for smaller nanoparticles, due to its plasmonic resonance. Our insights lay a foundation for designing efficient photothermal transduction agents, with significant implications for cancer therapy and other biomedical applications.
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spelling doaj-art-ab0e2ed667bd4990950f6ef1eae9b1332025-08-20T03:29:49ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-06-01151294210.3390/nano15120942Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical ApplicationsAmir Eghbali0Nikolay V. Pak1Aleksey V. Arsenin2Valentyn Volkov3Andrey A. Vyshnevyy4Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow 123592, RussiaMoscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow 123592, RussiaEmerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab EmiratesEmerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai 00000, United Arab EmiratesMoscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow 123592, RussiaPhotothermal therapy (PTT) is one of the rapidly developing methods for cancer treatment based on the strong light-to-heat conversion by nanoparticles. Over the past decade, the palette of photonic materials has expanded drastically, and nanoparticle fabrication techniques can now preserve the optical response of a bulk material in produced nanoparticles. This progress potentially holds opportunities for the efficiency enhancement of PTT, which have not fully explored yet. Here we study the photothermal performance of spherical nanoparticles (SNs) composed of novel two-dimensional (2D) and conventional materials with existing or potential applications in photothermal therapy such as MoS<sub>2</sub>, PdSe<sub>2</sub>, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>, TaS<sub>2</sub>, and TiN. Using the Mie theory, we theoretically analyze the optical response of SNs across various radii of 5–100 nm in the near-infrared (NIR) region with a particular focus on the therapeutic NIR-II range (1000–1700 nm) and radii below 50 nm. Our calculations reveal distinct photothermal behaviors: Large (radius > 50 nm) nanoparticles made of van der Waals semiconductors and PdSe<sub>2</sub> perform exceptionally well in the NIR-I range (750–950 nm) due to excitonic optical responses, while Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles achieve broad effectiveness across both NIR zones due to their dual dielectric/plasmonic properties. Small TiN SNs excel in the NIR-I zone due to the plasmonic response of TiN at shorter wavelengths. Notably, the van der Waals metal TaS<sub>2</sub> emerges as the most promising photothermal transduction agent in the NIR-II region, particularly for smaller nanoparticles, due to its plasmonic resonance. Our insights lay a foundation for designing efficient photothermal transduction agents, with significant implications for cancer therapy and other biomedical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/942photothermal therapylight-to-heat conversionoptical absorptionplasmonic resonance
spellingShingle Amir Eghbali
Nikolay V. Pak
Aleksey V. Arsenin
Valentyn Volkov
Andrey A. Vyshnevyy
Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Nanomaterials
photothermal therapy
light-to-heat conversion
optical absorption
plasmonic resonance
title Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
title_full Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
title_fullStr Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
title_full_unstemmed Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
title_short Photothermal Performance of 2D Material-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
title_sort photothermal performance of 2d material based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
topic photothermal therapy
light-to-heat conversion
optical absorption
plasmonic resonance
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/942
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AT nikolayvpak photothermalperformanceof2dmaterialbasednanoparticlesforbiomedicalapplications
AT alekseyvarsenin photothermalperformanceof2dmaterialbasednanoparticlesforbiomedicalapplications
AT valentynvolkov photothermalperformanceof2dmaterialbasednanoparticlesforbiomedicalapplications
AT andreyavyshnevyy photothermalperformanceof2dmaterialbasednanoparticlesforbiomedicalapplications