Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection Systems

Endoscopic fringe projection is used to perform inspections of hard-to-reach areas. In order to transfer fringe patterns from a projector to the specimens’ surface, fiber optic imaging bundles (FOIB) can be employed. To ensure maximum accessibility, a highly flexible FOIB is needed. Therefore, the n...

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Main Authors: Jannis Drangmeister, Markus Kästner, Eduard Reithmeier
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/11/3305
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author Jannis Drangmeister
Markus Kästner
Eduard Reithmeier
author_facet Jannis Drangmeister
Markus Kästner
Eduard Reithmeier
author_sort Jannis Drangmeister
collection DOAJ
description Endoscopic fringe projection is used to perform inspections of hard-to-reach areas. In order to transfer fringe patterns from a projector to the specimens’ surface, fiber optic imaging bundles (FOIB) can be employed. To ensure maximum accessibility, a highly flexible FOIB is needed. Therefore, the number of individual fibers has to be minimized, which affects the quality of the fringe pattern. This paper presents methods and results for projecting a high frequency pattern despite a small number of fibers by adapting the FOIBs’ structure. First, the spatial structure of the FOIB is identified with regard to the projector pixels. By determining their center, it is possible to address individual fibers. It will be shown that the peak values of spots produced by individual fibers behave nonlinearly according to the modulated intensity. Furthermore, the intensity distribution within the spots changes. By recording the intensity curves, the presented algorithm is able to adapt the fringe pattern in orientation and intensity. This leads, especially for high frequency patterns, to an improved amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio.
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institution Kabale University
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spelling doaj-art-ab0309b8d5ca4f96ae85481355aa3acb2025-08-20T03:46:46ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-05-012511330510.3390/s25113305Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection SystemsJannis Drangmeister0Markus Kästner1Eduard Reithmeier2Institute of Measurement and Automatic Control, Stiftung Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 1, D-30823 Garbsen, GermanyInstitute of Measurement and Automatic Control, Stiftung Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 1, D-30823 Garbsen, GermanyInstitute of Measurement and Automatic Control, Stiftung Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 1, D-30823 Garbsen, GermanyEndoscopic fringe projection is used to perform inspections of hard-to-reach areas. In order to transfer fringe patterns from a projector to the specimens’ surface, fiber optic imaging bundles (FOIB) can be employed. To ensure maximum accessibility, a highly flexible FOIB is needed. Therefore, the number of individual fibers has to be minimized, which affects the quality of the fringe pattern. This paper presents methods and results for projecting a high frequency pattern despite a small number of fibers by adapting the FOIBs’ structure. First, the spatial structure of the FOIB is identified with regard to the projector pixels. By determining their center, it is possible to address individual fibers. It will be shown that the peak values of spots produced by individual fibers behave nonlinearly according to the modulated intensity. Furthermore, the intensity distribution within the spots changes. By recording the intensity curves, the presented algorithm is able to adapt the fringe pattern in orientation and intensity. This leads, especially for high frequency patterns, to an improved amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/11/3305endoscopic fringe projectionfiber optic imaging bundlesfringe pattern optimization
spellingShingle Jannis Drangmeister
Markus Kästner
Eduard Reithmeier
Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection Systems
Sensors
endoscopic fringe projection
fiber optic imaging bundles
fringe pattern optimization
title Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection Systems
title_full Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection Systems
title_fullStr Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection Systems
title_full_unstemmed Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection Systems
title_short Identification and Characterization of Fiber Optic Imaging Bundle Structures in Endoscopic Fringe Projection Systems
title_sort identification and characterization of fiber optic imaging bundle structures in endoscopic fringe projection systems
topic endoscopic fringe projection
fiber optic imaging bundles
fringe pattern optimization
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/11/3305
work_keys_str_mv AT jannisdrangmeister identificationandcharacterizationoffiberopticimagingbundlestructuresinendoscopicfringeprojectionsystems
AT markuskastner identificationandcharacterizationoffiberopticimagingbundlestructuresinendoscopicfringeprojectionsystems
AT eduardreithmeier identificationandcharacterizationoffiberopticimagingbundlestructuresinendoscopicfringeprojectionsystems