Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries

IntroductionDigital health information sources are playing an increasingly prominent role in health promotion, public health and in healthcare systems. Consequently, digital health literacy skills are likewise becoming increasingly important.MethodsUsing a concept validation approach, the aim of the...

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Main Authors: Diane Levin-Zamir, Stephan Van den Broucke, Éva Bíró, Henrik Bøggild, Lucy Bruton, Saskia Maria De Gani, Hanne Søberg Finbråten, Sarah Gibney, Robert Griebler, Lennert Griese, Øystein Guttersrud, Zuzana Klocháňová, Zdenek Kucera, Christopher Le, Thomas Link, Julien Mancini, Dominika Miksova, Doris Schaeffer, Carlota Ribeiro da Silva, Kristine Sørensen, Christa Straßmayr, Miguel Telo de Arriaga, Mitja Vrdelja, Jürgen Pelikan
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Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Public Health
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1472706/full
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author Diane Levin-Zamir
Diane Levin-Zamir
Stephan Van den Broucke
Éva Bíró
Henrik Bøggild
Lucy Bruton
Saskia Maria De Gani
Saskia Maria De Gani
Hanne Søberg Finbråten
Sarah Gibney
Robert Griebler
Lennert Griese
Øystein Guttersrud
Øystein Guttersrud
Zuzana Klocháňová
Zdenek Kucera
Christopher Le
Christopher Le
Thomas Link
Julien Mancini
Dominika Miksova
Doris Schaeffer
Carlota Ribeiro da Silva
Kristine Sørensen
Christa Straßmayr
Miguel Telo de Arriaga
Miguel Telo de Arriaga
Mitja Vrdelja
Jürgen Pelikan
author_facet Diane Levin-Zamir
Diane Levin-Zamir
Stephan Van den Broucke
Éva Bíró
Henrik Bøggild
Lucy Bruton
Saskia Maria De Gani
Saskia Maria De Gani
Hanne Søberg Finbråten
Sarah Gibney
Robert Griebler
Lennert Griese
Øystein Guttersrud
Øystein Guttersrud
Zuzana Klocháňová
Zdenek Kucera
Christopher Le
Christopher Le
Thomas Link
Julien Mancini
Dominika Miksova
Doris Schaeffer
Carlota Ribeiro da Silva
Kristine Sørensen
Christa Straßmayr
Miguel Telo de Arriaga
Miguel Telo de Arriaga
Mitja Vrdelja
Jürgen Pelikan
author_sort Diane Levin-Zamir
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionDigital health information sources are playing an increasingly prominent role in health promotion, public health and in healthcare systems. Consequently, digital health literacy skills are likewise becoming increasingly important.MethodsUsing a concept validation approach, the aim of the study was to validate the digital health literacy measure HLS19-DIGI, applied in the European Health Literacy Survey (2019–2021) of the WHO M-POHL network, analyzing data from 28,057 respondents from 13 countries. The instrument is a modified and extended version of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI).ResultsThe scale displayed high internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) strengthened the hypothesized one-factor structure. In most countries, the data displayed acceptable fit to the unidimensional Rasch partial credit model (PCM). Pearson correlation with a measure of general health literacy showed sufficient discriminant validity, and a social gradient was found. Testing for predictive validity showed that the scale score predicts health-related outcomes.DiscussionThe study shows that considerable proportions of the general adult populations across countries in Europe have limited DHL skills. The level of DHL has direct potential consequences for some forms of health service utilization, in some countries. Implications of the study include recommendations for improving digital health literacy, promoting organizational health literacy and quality assurance for digital health information and resources.
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spelling doaj-art-aaacb702e0064b5b8b6d93d7491eab6a2025-08-20T03:40:00ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652025-03-011310.3389/fpubh.2025.14727061472706Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countriesDiane Levin-Zamir0Diane Levin-Zamir1Stephan Van den Broucke2Éva Bíró3Henrik Bøggild4Lucy Bruton5Saskia Maria De Gani6Saskia Maria De Gani7Hanne Søberg Finbråten8Sarah Gibney9Robert Griebler10Lennert Griese11Øystein Guttersrud12Øystein Guttersrud13Zuzana Klocháňová14Zdenek Kucera15Christopher Le16Christopher Le17Thomas Link18Julien Mancini19Dominika Miksova20Doris Schaeffer21Carlota Ribeiro da Silva22Kristine Sørensen23Christa Straßmayr24Miguel Telo de Arriaga25Miguel Telo de Arriaga26Mitja Vrdelja27Jürgen Pelikan28School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, IsraelDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, IsraelPsychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumDepartment of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HungaryPublic Health and Epidemiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Health, Dublin, IrelandCareum Foundation, Careum Center for Health Literacy, Zurich, SwitzerlandCareum School of Health, Kalaidos University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, University of Inland Norway, Elverum, NorwayDepartment of Health, Dublin, Ireland0Competence Centre Health Promotion and Healthcare, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria1School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany2Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway3The Norwegian Centre for Science Education Department, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway4Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, Trnava University Trnava, Trnava, Czechia5Czech Health Literacy Institute, Prague, CzechiaDepartment of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, University of Inland Norway, Elverum, Norway6Department of Community Health, The Norwegian Directorate of Health, Oslo, Norway7Department of Quality Measurement and Patient Survey, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria8Aix Marseille University APHM INSERM, IRD, ISSPAM, SESSTIM, Cancer, Biomedicine & Society Group, Marseille, France7Department of Quality Measurement and Patient Survey, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria1School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany9Direção-Geral da Saúde, Lisbon, Portugal0Global Health Literacy Academy, Risskov, Denmark0Competence Centre Health Promotion and Healthcare, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria9Direção-Geral da Saúde, Lisbon, Portugal1Católica Research Centre for Psychological, Family and Social Well-Being, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal2Communication Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia0Competence Centre Health Promotion and Healthcare, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna, AustriaIntroductionDigital health information sources are playing an increasingly prominent role in health promotion, public health and in healthcare systems. Consequently, digital health literacy skills are likewise becoming increasingly important.MethodsUsing a concept validation approach, the aim of the study was to validate the digital health literacy measure HLS19-DIGI, applied in the European Health Literacy Survey (2019–2021) of the WHO M-POHL network, analyzing data from 28,057 respondents from 13 countries. The instrument is a modified and extended version of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI).ResultsThe scale displayed high internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) strengthened the hypothesized one-factor structure. In most countries, the data displayed acceptable fit to the unidimensional Rasch partial credit model (PCM). Pearson correlation with a measure of general health literacy showed sufficient discriminant validity, and a social gradient was found. Testing for predictive validity showed that the scale score predicts health-related outcomes.DiscussionThe study shows that considerable proportions of the general adult populations across countries in Europe have limited DHL skills. The level of DHL has direct potential consequences for some forms of health service utilization, in some countries. Implications of the study include recommendations for improving digital health literacy, promoting organizational health literacy and quality assurance for digital health information and resources.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1472706/fulldigital health literacyeHealth literacyHLS19digital health literacy measurementmeasurement scale validationhealth information technology literacy
spellingShingle Diane Levin-Zamir
Diane Levin-Zamir
Stephan Van den Broucke
Éva Bíró
Henrik Bøggild
Lucy Bruton
Saskia Maria De Gani
Saskia Maria De Gani
Hanne Søberg Finbråten
Sarah Gibney
Robert Griebler
Lennert Griese
Øystein Guttersrud
Øystein Guttersrud
Zuzana Klocháňová
Zdenek Kucera
Christopher Le
Christopher Le
Thomas Link
Julien Mancini
Dominika Miksova
Doris Schaeffer
Carlota Ribeiro da Silva
Kristine Sørensen
Christa Straßmayr
Miguel Telo de Arriaga
Miguel Telo de Arriaga
Mitja Vrdelja
Jürgen Pelikan
Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries
Frontiers in Public Health
digital health literacy
eHealth literacy
HLS19
digital health literacy measurement
measurement scale validation
health information technology literacy
title Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries
title_full Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries
title_fullStr Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries
title_full_unstemmed Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries
title_short Measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries
title_sort measuring digital health literacy and its associations with determinants and health outcomes in 13 countries
topic digital health literacy
eHealth literacy
HLS19
digital health literacy measurement
measurement scale validation
health information technology literacy
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1472706/full
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