Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 years

Background Breastfeeding is a cornerstone of child health. We investigated the associations of any breastfeeding initiation and duration with physical, mental and behavioural health conditions among children aged 3–5 years in the USA.Methods Data were derived from the 2016 to 2022 National Survey of...

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Main Authors: Xin Wang, Lei Shi, Li Cai, Li-Zi Lin, Qiang Feng, Ning Pan, Kang-You Li, Sai-Jun Huang, Yingqian Chen, An-Qi Ren, Xu-Chu Weng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMJ Publishing Group
Series:BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health
Online Access:https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2025/07/02/bmjnph-2025-001175.full
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author Xin Wang
Lei Shi
Li Cai
Li-Zi Lin
Qiang Feng
Ning Pan
Kang-You Li
Sai-Jun Huang
Yingqian Chen
An-Qi Ren
Xu-Chu Weng
author_facet Xin Wang
Lei Shi
Li Cai
Li-Zi Lin
Qiang Feng
Ning Pan
Kang-You Li
Sai-Jun Huang
Yingqian Chen
An-Qi Ren
Xu-Chu Weng
author_sort Xin Wang
collection DOAJ
description Background Breastfeeding is a cornerstone of child health. We investigated the associations of any breastfeeding initiation and duration with physical, mental and behavioural health conditions among children aged 3–5 years in the USA.Methods Data were derived from the 2016 to 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health, which is a national, population-based, cross-sectional study. A total of 40 280 children aged 3–5 years were included. Any breastfeeding initiation and duration, physical (asthma, allergies, arthritis, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy or seizure disorder, heart conditions or severe headaches), mental (anxiety or depression) and behavioural (Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or behavioural/conduct problems) health conditions were measured using parent-reported questionnaires.Results Any breastfeeding was significantly associated with lower odds of behavioural health conditions (OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.99) and marginally with mental health conditions (OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.02, p=0.067). There was a significant non-linear trend between any breastfeeding duration and having a mental or behavioural health condition (all Pnon-linear<0.001). The intervals of significant associations were 7.3–23.4 months for mental condition and 6.8–24.1 months for behavioural condition (the most associated points at 15.6 and 15.3 months). There were no significant associations of any breastfeeding initiation and duration with physical health.Conclusions Any breastfeeding was linked to better behavioural health and marginally to mental health, with no association found for physical health among children aged 3–5 years in the USA. Any breastfeeding duration of approximately 15 months appears to have the strongest association with promoting children’s mental and behavioural health.
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spelling doaj-art-aa6cb62d7d64469eb3dce88d1bfc5ef02025-08-20T03:29:17ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health2516-554210.1136/bmjnph-2025-001175Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 yearsXin Wang0Lei Shi1Li Cai2Li-Zi Lin3Qiang Feng4Ning Pan5Kang-You Li6Sai-Jun Huang7Yingqian Chen8An-Qi Ren9Xu-Chu Weng10Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaJNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People`s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaJoint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Fitness Surveillance Centre, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, ChinaJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Child Healthcare, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaKey Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaBackground Breastfeeding is a cornerstone of child health. We investigated the associations of any breastfeeding initiation and duration with physical, mental and behavioural health conditions among children aged 3–5 years in the USA.Methods Data were derived from the 2016 to 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health, which is a national, population-based, cross-sectional study. A total of 40 280 children aged 3–5 years were included. Any breastfeeding initiation and duration, physical (asthma, allergies, arthritis, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy or seizure disorder, heart conditions or severe headaches), mental (anxiety or depression) and behavioural (Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or behavioural/conduct problems) health conditions were measured using parent-reported questionnaires.Results Any breastfeeding was significantly associated with lower odds of behavioural health conditions (OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.99) and marginally with mental health conditions (OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.02, p=0.067). There was a significant non-linear trend between any breastfeeding duration and having a mental or behavioural health condition (all Pnon-linear<0.001). The intervals of significant associations were 7.3–23.4 months for mental condition and 6.8–24.1 months for behavioural condition (the most associated points at 15.6 and 15.3 months). There were no significant associations of any breastfeeding initiation and duration with physical health.Conclusions Any breastfeeding was linked to better behavioural health and marginally to mental health, with no association found for physical health among children aged 3–5 years in the USA. Any breastfeeding duration of approximately 15 months appears to have the strongest association with promoting children’s mental and behavioural health.https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2025/07/02/bmjnph-2025-001175.full
spellingShingle Xin Wang
Lei Shi
Li Cai
Li-Zi Lin
Qiang Feng
Ning Pan
Kang-You Li
Sai-Jun Huang
Yingqian Chen
An-Qi Ren
Xu-Chu Weng
Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 years
BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health
title Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 years
title_full Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 years
title_fullStr Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 years
title_full_unstemmed Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 years
title_short Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3–5 years
title_sort breastfeeding initiation and duration links to physical mental and behavioural health in us children aged 3 5 years
url https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2025/07/02/bmjnph-2025-001175.full
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