Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice
Abstract Background Fundamental gaps in knowledge exist in understanding the tissue distribution of cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), following oral ingestion. CBD and THC are lipid-soluble and oral bioavailability is increased when combined with long-chain fatty acid c...
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BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Cannabis Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-025-00298-4 |
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| author | Cody A. C. Lust Lyn M. Hillyer Mitchell Pallister Amanda J. Wright Michael A. Rogers Erin M. Rock Cheryl L. Limebeer Linda A. Parker David W. L. Ma |
| author_facet | Cody A. C. Lust Lyn M. Hillyer Mitchell Pallister Amanda J. Wright Michael A. Rogers Erin M. Rock Cheryl L. Limebeer Linda A. Parker David W. L. Ma |
| author_sort | Cody A. C. Lust |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Fundamental gaps in knowledge exist in understanding the tissue distribution of cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), following oral ingestion. CBD and THC are lipid-soluble and oral bioavailability is increased when combined with long-chain fatty acid carrier oils prior to oral ingestion. Oils with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) confer positive health benefits and have yet to be examined as a carrier oil for oral cannabinoid delivery thus, examination is warranted. Methods This study investigated the acute tissue distribution of cannabinoids in serum, adipose, brain, liver, heart, and muscle of male C57BL/6 mice at 1, 2, and 3 h (H) post oral ingestion. Mice were gavaged with CBD (5 mg/kg) and THC (1 mg/kg) combined with either sesame (SES), mixed EPA/DHA, or DHA enriched (DHA) oil as a carrier. With assistance of the Analytical Facility for Bioactive Molecules (Toronto, Canada), tissue concentration of cannabinoids was quantified using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Results SES oil resulted in a significantly greater concentration of CBD and THC (p < 0.05) across all tissues and times compared to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oils. The ratio of EPA:DHA in the carrier oils modestly affected distribution of cannabinoids to tissues, notably, DHA oil resulted in a greater concentration of CBD in the brain. Heart tissue had the highest concentration of CBD at 1 and 2H post-oral gavage, and adipose tissue had the highest concentration at 3H which was consistent across all three carrier oils. Conclusions This study profiled the greatest number of tissues to-date for the acute distribution of CBD and THC following oral consumption with a lipid carrier in mice which demonstrated a non-uniform distribution to tissues over time. SES oil proved to be far more effective as a carrier oil at delivering orally consumed cannabinoids to tissues compared to two different n-3 PUFA containing oils. Further developing our fundamental understanding of cannabinoid distribution across tissues following their consumption from foods and pharmaceuticals are necessary to establish specific pharmacokinetic profiles to aid oral dosing strategies and maximize the bioactive potential of cannabinoids. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-aa67423a941146219d7f6bbb7e145813 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2522-5782 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Cannabis Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-aa67423a941146219d7f6bbb7e1458132025-08-20T04:01:36ZengBMCJournal of Cannabis Research2522-57822025-07-017111010.1186/s42238-025-00298-4Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 miceCody A. C. Lust0Lyn M. Hillyer1Mitchell Pallister2Amanda J. Wright3Michael A. Rogers4Erin M. Rock5Cheryl L. Limebeer6Linda A. Parker7David W. L. Ma8Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of GuelphDepartment of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of GuelphDepartment of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of GuelphDepartment of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of GuelphDepartment of Food ScienceDepartment of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience ProgramDepartment of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience ProgramDepartment of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience ProgramDepartment of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of GuelphAbstract Background Fundamental gaps in knowledge exist in understanding the tissue distribution of cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), following oral ingestion. CBD and THC are lipid-soluble and oral bioavailability is increased when combined with long-chain fatty acid carrier oils prior to oral ingestion. Oils with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) confer positive health benefits and have yet to be examined as a carrier oil for oral cannabinoid delivery thus, examination is warranted. Methods This study investigated the acute tissue distribution of cannabinoids in serum, adipose, brain, liver, heart, and muscle of male C57BL/6 mice at 1, 2, and 3 h (H) post oral ingestion. Mice were gavaged with CBD (5 mg/kg) and THC (1 mg/kg) combined with either sesame (SES), mixed EPA/DHA, or DHA enriched (DHA) oil as a carrier. With assistance of the Analytical Facility for Bioactive Molecules (Toronto, Canada), tissue concentration of cannabinoids was quantified using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Results SES oil resulted in a significantly greater concentration of CBD and THC (p < 0.05) across all tissues and times compared to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oils. The ratio of EPA:DHA in the carrier oils modestly affected distribution of cannabinoids to tissues, notably, DHA oil resulted in a greater concentration of CBD in the brain. Heart tissue had the highest concentration of CBD at 1 and 2H post-oral gavage, and adipose tissue had the highest concentration at 3H which was consistent across all three carrier oils. Conclusions This study profiled the greatest number of tissues to-date for the acute distribution of CBD and THC following oral consumption with a lipid carrier in mice which demonstrated a non-uniform distribution to tissues over time. SES oil proved to be far more effective as a carrier oil at delivering orally consumed cannabinoids to tissues compared to two different n-3 PUFA containing oils. Further developing our fundamental understanding of cannabinoid distribution across tissues following their consumption from foods and pharmaceuticals are necessary to establish specific pharmacokinetic profiles to aid oral dosing strategies and maximize the bioactive potential of cannabinoids.https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-025-00298-4CannabinoidsCBDTHCTissue distributionOmega-3Sesame |
| spellingShingle | Cody A. C. Lust Lyn M. Hillyer Mitchell Pallister Amanda J. Wright Michael A. Rogers Erin M. Rock Cheryl L. Limebeer Linda A. Parker David W. L. Ma Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice Journal of Cannabis Research Cannabinoids CBD THC Tissue distribution Omega-3 Sesame |
| title | Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice |
| title_full | Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice |
| title_fullStr | Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice |
| title_short | Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice |
| title_sort | orally consumed cannabinoids the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male c57bl 6 mice |
| topic | Cannabinoids CBD THC Tissue distribution Omega-3 Sesame |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-025-00298-4 |
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