Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024
The continuous emergence of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants poses a critical threat to poultry health and productivity in China. In this study, we conducted comprehensive genetic and antigenic analyses of IBV strains isolated in our laboratory between 2020 and 2024. A total of 94 IB...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1640152/full |
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| author | Xiaozhen Guo Cunxia Liu Feng Hu Liping Liu Tong Zhu Yuehua Gao Zhongyin Lin Huaiying Xu Bing Huang Zhuoming Qin Xiuli Ma |
| author_facet | Xiaozhen Guo Cunxia Liu Feng Hu Liping Liu Tong Zhu Yuehua Gao Zhongyin Lin Huaiying Xu Bing Huang Zhuoming Qin Xiuli Ma |
| author_sort | Xiaozhen Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The continuous emergence of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants poses a critical threat to poultry health and productivity in China. In this study, we conducted comprehensive genetic and antigenic analyses of IBV strains isolated in our laboratory between 2020 and 2024. A total of 94 IBV isolates were sequenced for the S1 gene, revealing widespread nucleotide insertions, deletions, and mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GI-19 was the predominant genotype (70.21%), followed by GI-13 (21.28%). Recombination analysis using RDP 5.42 identified 14 recombinant strains, primarily GI-13/GI-22 (50%), GI-19/GI-7 (28.6%), and GI-19/GI-22 (21.4%), which were further confirmed using Simplot. Glycosylation analysis revealed that all isolates possessed 14 to18 N-glycosylation sites, whereas only the SDJN3/23 strain contained an O-glycosylation site (position 416). Novel cleavage site motifs (HRRKR, HRHRR, RRFRR) were identified in GI-19 strains, diverging from the canonical HRRRR. The evolutionary rate calculated via BEAST software, was 1.98 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year. Serum neutralization assays demonstrated that GI-19 recombinants exhibited partial one-way cross-protection against GI-1, GI-13, and GI-22 genotypes (titer ≥ 1:32), but reciprocal neutralization was limited. Overall, we systematically characterized the genetic diversity and antigenic evolution of the currently circulating IBV strains in China, emphasizing the critical demand for genotype-specific vaccine development and dynamic surveillance systems to counteract viral immune escape. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-aa3b45f79d724bee809921b9fd16c4af |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-aa3b45f79d724bee809921b9fd16c4af2025-08-20T03:14:08ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882025-07-011510.3389/fcimb.2025.16401521640152Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024Xiaozhen GuoCunxia LiuFeng HuLiping LiuTong ZhuYuehua GaoZhongyin LinHuaiying XuBing HuangZhuoming QinXiuli MaThe continuous emergence of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants poses a critical threat to poultry health and productivity in China. In this study, we conducted comprehensive genetic and antigenic analyses of IBV strains isolated in our laboratory between 2020 and 2024. A total of 94 IBV isolates were sequenced for the S1 gene, revealing widespread nucleotide insertions, deletions, and mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GI-19 was the predominant genotype (70.21%), followed by GI-13 (21.28%). Recombination analysis using RDP 5.42 identified 14 recombinant strains, primarily GI-13/GI-22 (50%), GI-19/GI-7 (28.6%), and GI-19/GI-22 (21.4%), which were further confirmed using Simplot. Glycosylation analysis revealed that all isolates possessed 14 to18 N-glycosylation sites, whereas only the SDJN3/23 strain contained an O-glycosylation site (position 416). Novel cleavage site motifs (HRRKR, HRHRR, RRFRR) were identified in GI-19 strains, diverging from the canonical HRRRR. The evolutionary rate calculated via BEAST software, was 1.98 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year. Serum neutralization assays demonstrated that GI-19 recombinants exhibited partial one-way cross-protection against GI-1, GI-13, and GI-22 genotypes (titer ≥ 1:32), but reciprocal neutralization was limited. Overall, we systematically characterized the genetic diversity and antigenic evolution of the currently circulating IBV strains in China, emphasizing the critical demand for genotype-specific vaccine development and dynamic surveillance systems to counteract viral immune escape.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1640152/fullavian infectious bronchitis virusS1 generecombinationevolutionary ratecross-protection |
| spellingShingle | Xiaozhen Guo Cunxia Liu Feng Hu Liping Liu Tong Zhu Yuehua Gao Zhongyin Lin Huaiying Xu Bing Huang Zhuoming Qin Xiuli Ma Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024 Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology avian infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene recombination evolutionary rate cross-protection |
| title | Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024 |
| title_full | Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024 |
| title_fullStr | Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024 |
| title_short | Dominance of the GI-19 genotype and genomic characterization of the S1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024 |
| title_sort | dominance of the gi 19 genotype and genomic characterization of the s1 gene in avian infectious bronchitis virus from 2020 to 2024 |
| topic | avian infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene recombination evolutionary rate cross-protection |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1640152/full |
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