Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases

Abstract Objective To examine the risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Methods A retrospective study involving 195 SCI patients (from January 2023 to December 2024) divided them into two groups: those with PTS...

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Main Authors: Jie Jiang, Qi Sun, Jingjun Xie, Jianwei Sun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Psychology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02984-7
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author Jie Jiang
Qi Sun
Jingjun Xie
Jianwei Sun
author_facet Jie Jiang
Qi Sun
Jingjun Xie
Jianwei Sun
author_sort Jie Jiang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Objective To examine the risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Methods A retrospective study involving 195 SCI patients (from January 2023 to December 2024) divided them into two groups: those with PTSD (n = 61) and those without PTSD (n = 134). Various demographic, clinical, and complication factors were analyzed, with significant differences further explored using multivariate logistic regression. Results Among 195 SCI patients, 61 (31.28%) developed PTSD. Significant differences were observed between the PTSD and non-PTSD groups in terms of age, sex, education level, severity of SCI, predicted rehabilitation outcome, and number of complications (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in marital status, personal income level, cause of injury, pulmonary and urinary tract infections, pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombosis, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, or psychological disorders (P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age ≥ 45 years (95% CI: 2.884–19.513, OR = 7.502, P < 0.001), female sex (95% CI: 1.225–6.736, OR = 2.873, P = 0.015), education level < 12 years (95% CI: 1.160–6.409, OR = 2.726, P = 0.021), SCI severity grade C or higher (95% CI: 1.051–5.965, OR = 2.503, P = 0.038), non-self-sufficient predicted rehabilitation outcome (95% CI: 1.148–10.799, OR = 3.522, P = 0.028), and more than two complications (95% CI: 4.818–31.544, OR = 12.328, P < 0.001) as independent risk factors for PTSD. Conclusion Prompt recognition and specific interventions for high-risk spinal cord injury patients are crucial for minimizing PTSD and enhancing results.
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spelling doaj-art-aa24c59ea87f494a920d0affa93bd3772025-08-20T03:04:15ZengBMCBMC Psychology2050-72832025-07-011311610.1186/s40359-025-02984-7Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 casesJie Jiang0Qi Sun1Jingjun Xie2Jianwei Sun3Department of Rehabilitation, the First People’s Hospital of HuzhouDepartment of Rehabilitation, the First People’s Hospital of HuzhouDepartment of Rehabilitation, the First People’s Hospital of HuzhouDepartment of Rehabilitation, the First People’s Hospital of HuzhouAbstract Objective To examine the risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Methods A retrospective study involving 195 SCI patients (from January 2023 to December 2024) divided them into two groups: those with PTSD (n = 61) and those without PTSD (n = 134). Various demographic, clinical, and complication factors were analyzed, with significant differences further explored using multivariate logistic regression. Results Among 195 SCI patients, 61 (31.28%) developed PTSD. Significant differences were observed between the PTSD and non-PTSD groups in terms of age, sex, education level, severity of SCI, predicted rehabilitation outcome, and number of complications (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in marital status, personal income level, cause of injury, pulmonary and urinary tract infections, pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombosis, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, or psychological disorders (P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age ≥ 45 years (95% CI: 2.884–19.513, OR = 7.502, P < 0.001), female sex (95% CI: 1.225–6.736, OR = 2.873, P = 0.015), education level < 12 years (95% CI: 1.160–6.409, OR = 2.726, P = 0.021), SCI severity grade C or higher (95% CI: 1.051–5.965, OR = 2.503, P = 0.038), non-self-sufficient predicted rehabilitation outcome (95% CI: 1.148–10.799, OR = 3.522, P = 0.028), and more than two complications (95% CI: 4.818–31.544, OR = 12.328, P < 0.001) as independent risk factors for PTSD. Conclusion Prompt recognition and specific interventions for high-risk spinal cord injury patients are crucial for minimizing PTSD and enhancing results.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02984-7Spinal cord injuryPost-traumatic stress disorderRisk factorsPsychological interventionRetrospective study
spellingShingle Jie Jiang
Qi Sun
Jingjun Xie
Jianwei Sun
Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases
BMC Psychology
Spinal cord injury
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Risk factors
Psychological intervention
Retrospective study
title Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases
title_full Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases
title_fullStr Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases
title_full_unstemmed Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases
title_short Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases
title_sort risk factors and intervention strategies for post traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases
topic Spinal cord injury
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Risk factors
Psychological intervention
Retrospective study
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02984-7
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