Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental Mice
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function. It is commonly associated with aging, chronic diseases, disuse, and prolonged glucocorticoid therapy. Oxidative stress and catabolic signaling pathways play significant roles in the progression...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Aeyung Kim Jinhee Kim Chang-Seob Seo Yu Ri Kim Kwang Hoon Song No Soo Kim |
| author_facet | Aeyung Kim Jinhee Kim Chang-Seob Seo Yu Ri Kim Kwang Hoon Song No Soo Kim |
| author_sort | Aeyung Kim |
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| description | Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function. It is commonly associated with aging, chronic diseases, disuse, and prolonged glucocorticoid therapy. Oxidative stress and catabolic signaling pathways play significant roles in the progression of muscle degradation. Despite its clinical relevance, few effective therapeutic options are currently available. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of an ethanolic extract of Glycine Semen Preparata (GSP), i.e., fermented black soybeans, using in vitro and in vivo models of dexamethasone (Dexa)-induced muscle atrophy. In C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes, GSP significantly attenuated both oxidative stress-induced and Dexa-induced damages by reducing reactive oxygen species levels and by suppressing the expression of the muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and Atrogin-1. Moreover, GSP upregulated key genes involved in muscle regeneration (<i>Myod1</i> and <i>Myog</i>) and mitochondrial biogenesis (<i>PGC1α</i>), indicating its dual role in muscle protection and regeneration. Oral administration of GSP to mice with Dexa-induced muscle atrophy resulted in improved muscle fiber integrity, increased proportion of large cross-sectional area fibers, and partial recovery of motor function. Isoflavone aglycones, such as daidzein and genistein, were identified as active compounds that contribute to the beneficial effects of GSP through antioxidant activity and gene promoter enhancement. Thus, GSP is a promising nutraceutical that prevents or mitigates muscle atrophy by targeting oxidative stress and promoting myogenesis and mitochondrial function. Further studies are warranted to standardize the bioactive components and explore their clinical applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a9e49b4270b34db6aa614a279bcab3d4 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-a9e49b4270b34db6aa614a279bcab3d42025-08-20T03:13:36ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-07-0114788210.3390/antiox14070882Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental MiceAeyung Kim0Jinhee Kim1Chang-Seob Seo2Yu Ri Kim3Kwang Hoon Song4No Soo Kim5KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of KoreaKM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaKM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaKM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaKM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaKM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaSkeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function. It is commonly associated with aging, chronic diseases, disuse, and prolonged glucocorticoid therapy. Oxidative stress and catabolic signaling pathways play significant roles in the progression of muscle degradation. Despite its clinical relevance, few effective therapeutic options are currently available. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of an ethanolic extract of Glycine Semen Preparata (GSP), i.e., fermented black soybeans, using in vitro and in vivo models of dexamethasone (Dexa)-induced muscle atrophy. In C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes, GSP significantly attenuated both oxidative stress-induced and Dexa-induced damages by reducing reactive oxygen species levels and by suppressing the expression of the muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and Atrogin-1. Moreover, GSP upregulated key genes involved in muscle regeneration (<i>Myod1</i> and <i>Myog</i>) and mitochondrial biogenesis (<i>PGC1α</i>), indicating its dual role in muscle protection and regeneration. Oral administration of GSP to mice with Dexa-induced muscle atrophy resulted in improved muscle fiber integrity, increased proportion of large cross-sectional area fibers, and partial recovery of motor function. Isoflavone aglycones, such as daidzein and genistein, were identified as active compounds that contribute to the beneficial effects of GSP through antioxidant activity and gene promoter enhancement. Thus, GSP is a promising nutraceutical that prevents or mitigates muscle atrophy by targeting oxidative stress and promoting myogenesis and mitochondrial function. Further studies are warranted to standardize the bioactive components and explore their clinical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/7/882muscle atrophyGlycine Semen Preparatafermented black soybeanoxidative stressglucocorticoid |
| spellingShingle | Aeyung Kim Jinhee Kim Chang-Seob Seo Yu Ri Kim Kwang Hoon Song No Soo Kim Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental Mice Antioxidants muscle atrophy Glycine Semen Preparata fermented black soybean oxidative stress glucocorticoid |
| title | Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental Mice |
| title_full | Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental Mice |
| title_fullStr | Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental Mice |
| title_short | Ethanolic Extract of Glycine Semen Preparata Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Damage in C2C12 Cells and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Experimental Mice |
| title_sort | ethanolic extract of glycine semen preparata prevents oxidative stress induced muscle damage in c2c12 cells and alleviates dexamethasone induced muscle atrophy and weakness in experimental mice |
| topic | muscle atrophy Glycine Semen Preparata fermented black soybean oxidative stress glucocorticoid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/7/882 |
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