Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Heavy metal contamination in water resources presents a significant environmental and public health challenge, with lead being particularly concerning due to its toxicity and persistence. This study reports the green synthesis of Fe-Ti mixed oxide nanoparticles (NPs) using dextrose as a green source...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Shamika P. W. R. Hewage Harshica Fernando |
| author_facet | Shamika P. W. R. Hewage Harshica Fernando |
| author_sort | Shamika P. W. R. Hewage |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heavy metal contamination in water resources presents a significant environmental and public health challenge, with lead being particularly concerning due to its toxicity and persistence. This study reports the green synthesis of Fe-Ti mixed oxide nanoparticles (NPs) using dextrose as a green source and investigates their effectiveness in lead removal from aqueous solutions. The synthesized NPs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS, and BET analysis, revealing an amorphous structure with a high surface area (292.89 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) and mesoporous characteristics. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of mixed Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> valence states in a Ti<sup>4+</sup>-rich framework, creating diverse binding sites for lead adsorption. The material exhibited optimal lead removal at pH 5, with adsorption following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99) and a Langmuir isotherm model (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.98). Maximum adsorption capacity reached 25.10 mg g<sup>−1</sup> at 40 °C, showing endothermic behavior. The low point of zero charge (PZC, 0.22) and surface hydroxyl groups enabled efficient lead binding possibly through multiple mechanisms. Dose optimization studies established 6 g L<sup>−1</sup> as the optimal adsorbent concentration. The synergistic combination of iron’s affinity for heavy metals and titanium’s structural stability, coupled with environmentally friendly synthesis, resulted in a promising material for sustainable water treatment applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a9b8a54df5104ee4a24542123ee4a4e6 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-a9b8a54df5104ee4a24542123ee4a4e62025-08-20T02:24:49ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-04-01309190210.3390/molecules30091902Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous SolutionsShamika P. W. R. Hewage0Harshica Fernando1Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USADepartment of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USAHeavy metal contamination in water resources presents a significant environmental and public health challenge, with lead being particularly concerning due to its toxicity and persistence. This study reports the green synthesis of Fe-Ti mixed oxide nanoparticles (NPs) using dextrose as a green source and investigates their effectiveness in lead removal from aqueous solutions. The synthesized NPs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS, and BET analysis, revealing an amorphous structure with a high surface area (292.89 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) and mesoporous characteristics. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of mixed Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> valence states in a Ti<sup>4+</sup>-rich framework, creating diverse binding sites for lead adsorption. The material exhibited optimal lead removal at pH 5, with adsorption following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99) and a Langmuir isotherm model (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.98). Maximum adsorption capacity reached 25.10 mg g<sup>−1</sup> at 40 °C, showing endothermic behavior. The low point of zero charge (PZC, 0.22) and surface hydroxyl groups enabled efficient lead binding possibly through multiple mechanisms. Dose optimization studies established 6 g L<sup>−1</sup> as the optimal adsorbent concentration. The synergistic combination of iron’s affinity for heavy metals and titanium’s structural stability, coupled with environmentally friendly synthesis, resulted in a promising material for sustainable water treatment applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1902nanoparticlesleadadsorptiongreen synthesisdextroseheavy metal pollution |
| spellingShingle | Shamika P. W. R. Hewage Harshica Fernando Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions Molecules nanoparticles lead adsorption green synthesis dextrose heavy metal pollution |
| title | Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_full | Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_fullStr | Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_short | Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_sort | green synthesis and characterization of fe ti mixed nanoparticles for enhanced lead removal from aqueous solutions |
| topic | nanoparticles lead adsorption green synthesis dextrose heavy metal pollution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1902 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shamikapwrhewage greensynthesisandcharacterizationoffetimixednanoparticlesforenhancedleadremovalfromaqueoussolutions AT harshicafernando greensynthesisandcharacterizationoffetimixednanoparticlesforenhancedleadremovalfromaqueoussolutions |