Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia
Poultry feeds with cereal grain-based constituents are vulnerable to fungal contamination during the processing and storage stages. A total of 100 samples of compound poultry feedstuffs were collected from the cities of Riyadh, Alhassa, Qassim, and Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. A quantitative enumeration...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Youssuf A. Gherbawy Karima E. Abdel Fattah Abdullah Altalhi Pet Ioan Mohamed A. Hussein |
| author_facet | Youssuf A. Gherbawy Karima E. Abdel Fattah Abdullah Altalhi Pet Ioan Mohamed A. Hussein |
| author_sort | Youssuf A. Gherbawy |
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| description | Poultry feeds with cereal grain-based constituents are vulnerable to fungal contamination during the processing and storage stages. A total of 100 samples of compound poultry feedstuffs were collected from the cities of Riyadh, Alhassa, Qassim, and Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. A quantitative enumeration of fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) was performed on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) and Czapek Iprodione Dichloran Agar (CZID) media. <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> was the most predominant species, accounting for 18.714 × 10<sup>3</sup> and 3.956 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/g, with frequencies of 84 and 42% in the feed samples on DRBC and CZID media, respectively. The levels of different mycotoxins were estimated by the HPLC technique. One hundred percent of the compound poultry feedstuff samples were contaminated by mycotoxins such as AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, FB1, DON, T2, OTA, and ZEN. Aflatoxins were recorded in 84% of the tested samples, of which 70 samples were contaminated by AFB1, ranging from 0.03 to 0.40 μg/kg. The aflatoxin analysis of the fungal species revealed that 89% and 100% of <i>A</i>. <i>flavus</i> and <i>A. parasiticus</i> isolates were aflatoxigenic, and all of them exhibited the presence of the <i>aflR</i>, <i>omt-1</i>, <i>ver-1</i>, and <i>nor-1</i> genes. According to the PCR protocol based on FLA1, two primers were successful in directly and rapidly detecting <i>A</i>. <i>flavus</i> in the poultry feedstuff samples. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2036-7481 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Microbiology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-a984461c59f4443691111904722400db2025-01-24T13:41:43ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812025-01-011611110.3390/microbiolres16010011Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi ArabiaYoussuf A. Gherbawy0Karima E. Abdel Fattah1Abdullah Altalhi2Pet Ioan3Mohamed A. Hussein4Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, EgyptBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, EgyptDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaBiotechnology Department, Faculty of Bioengineering and Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, RomaniaBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, EgyptPoultry feeds with cereal grain-based constituents are vulnerable to fungal contamination during the processing and storage stages. A total of 100 samples of compound poultry feedstuffs were collected from the cities of Riyadh, Alhassa, Qassim, and Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. A quantitative enumeration of fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) was performed on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) and Czapek Iprodione Dichloran Agar (CZID) media. <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> was the most predominant species, accounting for 18.714 × 10<sup>3</sup> and 3.956 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/g, with frequencies of 84 and 42% in the feed samples on DRBC and CZID media, respectively. The levels of different mycotoxins were estimated by the HPLC technique. One hundred percent of the compound poultry feedstuff samples were contaminated by mycotoxins such as AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, FB1, DON, T2, OTA, and ZEN. Aflatoxins were recorded in 84% of the tested samples, of which 70 samples were contaminated by AFB1, ranging from 0.03 to 0.40 μg/kg. The aflatoxin analysis of the fungal species revealed that 89% and 100% of <i>A</i>. <i>flavus</i> and <i>A. parasiticus</i> isolates were aflatoxigenic, and all of them exhibited the presence of the <i>aflR</i>, <i>omt-1</i>, <i>ver-1</i>, and <i>nor-1</i> genes. According to the PCR protocol based on FLA1, two primers were successful in directly and rapidly detecting <i>A</i>. <i>flavus</i> in the poultry feedstuff samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/1/11<i>Aspergillus</i>aflatoxigenicaflatoxin B1genesfeedpoultry |
| spellingShingle | Youssuf A. Gherbawy Karima E. Abdel Fattah Abdullah Altalhi Pet Ioan Mohamed A. Hussein Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia Microbiology Research <i>Aspergillus</i> aflatoxigenic aflatoxin B1 genes feed poultry |
| title | Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia |
| title_full | Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia |
| title_fullStr | Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia |
| title_short | Detection of Mycotoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Compound Poultry Feedstuffs in Saudi Arabia |
| title_sort | detection of mycotoxins and aflatoxigenic fungi associated with compound poultry feedstuffs in saudi arabia |
| topic | <i>Aspergillus</i> aflatoxigenic aflatoxin B1 genes feed poultry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/1/11 |
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