How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitions
Abstract WallGo is an open-source software designed to compute the bubble wall velocity in first-order cosmological phase transitions. Additionally, it evaluates the energy budget available for generating gravitational waves. The main part of WallGo, built in Python, determines the wall velocity by...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of High Energy Physics |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2025)101 |
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| _version_ | 1849728411138785280 |
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| author | Andreas Ekstedt Oliver Gould Joonas Hirvonen Benoit Laurent Lauri Niemi Philipp Schicho Jorinde van de Vis |
| author_facet | Andreas Ekstedt Oliver Gould Joonas Hirvonen Benoit Laurent Lauri Niemi Philipp Schicho Jorinde van de Vis |
| author_sort | Andreas Ekstedt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract WallGo is an open-source software designed to compute the bubble wall velocity in first-order cosmological phase transitions. Additionally, it evaluates the energy budget available for generating gravitational waves. The main part of WallGo, built in Python, determines the wall velocity by solving the scalar-field(s) equation of motion, the Boltzmann equations and energy-momentum conservation for the fluid velocity and temperature. WallGo also includes two auxiliary modules: WallGoMatrix, which computes matrix elements for out-of-equilibrium particles, and WallGoCollision, which performs higher-dimensional integrals for Boltzmann collision terms. Users can implement custom models by defining an effective potential and specifying a list of out-of-equilibrium particles and their interactions. As the first public software to compute the wall velocity including out-of-equilibrium contributions, WallGo improves the precision of the computation compared to common assumptions in earlier computations. It utilises a spectral method for the deviation from equilibrium and collision terms that provides exponential convergence in basis polynomials, and supports multiple out-of-equilibrium particles, allowing for Boltzmann mixing terms. WallGo is tailored for non-runaway wall scenarios where leading-order coupling effects dominate friction. While this work introduces the software and the underlying theory, a more detailed documentation can be found in https://wallgo.readthedocs.io . |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a9192252d78f49c898e2fd9a7716db2d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1029-8479 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of High Energy Physics |
| spelling | doaj-art-a9192252d78f49c898e2fd9a7716db2d2025-08-20T03:09:34ZengSpringerOpenJournal of High Energy Physics1029-84792025-04-012025416510.1007/JHEP04(2025)101How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitionsAndreas Ekstedt0Oliver Gould1Joonas Hirvonen2Benoit Laurent3Lauri Niemi4Philipp Schicho5Jorinde van de Vis6Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of NottinghamSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of NottinghamDepartment of Physics, McGill UniversityDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of HelsinkiDépartement de Physique Théorique, Université de GenèveTheoretical Physics Department, CERNAbstract WallGo is an open-source software designed to compute the bubble wall velocity in first-order cosmological phase transitions. Additionally, it evaluates the energy budget available for generating gravitational waves. The main part of WallGo, built in Python, determines the wall velocity by solving the scalar-field(s) equation of motion, the Boltzmann equations and energy-momentum conservation for the fluid velocity and temperature. WallGo also includes two auxiliary modules: WallGoMatrix, which computes matrix elements for out-of-equilibrium particles, and WallGoCollision, which performs higher-dimensional integrals for Boltzmann collision terms. Users can implement custom models by defining an effective potential and specifying a list of out-of-equilibrium particles and their interactions. As the first public software to compute the wall velocity including out-of-equilibrium contributions, WallGo improves the precision of the computation compared to common assumptions in earlier computations. It utilises a spectral method for the deviation from equilibrium and collision terms that provides exponential convergence in basis polynomials, and supports multiple out-of-equilibrium particles, allowing for Boltzmann mixing terms. WallGo is tailored for non-runaway wall scenarios where leading-order coupling effects dominate friction. While this work introduces the software and the underlying theory, a more detailed documentation can be found in https://wallgo.readthedocs.io .https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2025)101Phase Transitions in the Early UniverseEarly Universe Particle Physics |
| spellingShingle | Andreas Ekstedt Oliver Gould Joonas Hirvonen Benoit Laurent Lauri Niemi Philipp Schicho Jorinde van de Vis How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitions Journal of High Energy Physics Phase Transitions in the Early Universe Early Universe Particle Physics |
| title | How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitions |
| title_full | How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitions |
| title_fullStr | How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitions |
| title_full_unstemmed | How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitions |
| title_short | How fast does the WallGo? A package for computing wall velocities in first-order phase transitions |
| title_sort | how fast does the wallgo a package for computing wall velocities in first order phase transitions |
| topic | Phase Transitions in the Early Universe Early Universe Particle Physics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2025)101 |
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