Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive Surveys

Randomized response models aim to protect respondent privacy when sampling sensitive variables but consequently compromise estimator efficiency. We propose a new sampling method, titled joint scrambling, which preserves all true responses while protecting privacy by asking each respondent to jointly...

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Main Authors: Alvan Caleb Arulandu, Sat Gupta
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Mathematics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2134
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author Alvan Caleb Arulandu
Sat Gupta
author_facet Alvan Caleb Arulandu
Sat Gupta
author_sort Alvan Caleb Arulandu
collection DOAJ
description Randomized response models aim to protect respondent privacy when sampling sensitive variables but consequently compromise estimator efficiency. We propose a new sampling method, titled joint scrambling, which preserves all true responses while protecting privacy by asking each respondent to jointly speak both their true response and multiple random responses in an arbitrary order. We give a kernel density estimator for the density function with asymptotically equivalent mean squared error for the optimal bandwidth yet greater generality than existing techniques for randomized response models. We also give consistent, unbiased estimators for a general class of estimands including the mean. For the cumulative distribution function, this estimator is more computationally efficient with asymptotically lower mean squared error than existing approaches. All results are verified via simulation and evaluated with respect to natural generalizations of existing privacy notions.
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spelling doaj-art-a8c4d5a2d34b4874801e990dbe00ab392025-08-20T03:50:16ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-06-011313213410.3390/math13132134Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive SurveysAlvan Caleb Arulandu0Sat Gupta1Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, 33 Lowell Mail Center, 10 Holyoke Place, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 116 Petty Building, Greensboro, NC 27412, USARandomized response models aim to protect respondent privacy when sampling sensitive variables but consequently compromise estimator efficiency. We propose a new sampling method, titled joint scrambling, which preserves all true responses while protecting privacy by asking each respondent to jointly speak both their true response and multiple random responses in an arbitrary order. We give a kernel density estimator for the density function with asymptotically equivalent mean squared error for the optimal bandwidth yet greater generality than existing techniques for randomized response models. We also give consistent, unbiased estimators for a general class of estimands including the mean. For the cumulative distribution function, this estimator is more computationally efficient with asymptotically lower mean squared error than existing approaches. All results are verified via simulation and evaluated with respect to natural generalizations of existing privacy notions.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2134kernel density estimationprivacy protectionrandomized responsescramblingsensitive survey sampling
spellingShingle Alvan Caleb Arulandu
Sat Gupta
Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive Surveys
Mathematics
kernel density estimation
privacy protection
randomized response
scrambling
sensitive survey sampling
title Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive Surveys
title_full Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive Surveys
title_fullStr Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive Surveys
title_full_unstemmed Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive Surveys
title_short Kernel Density Estimation for Joint Scrambling in Sensitive Surveys
title_sort kernel density estimation for joint scrambling in sensitive surveys
topic kernel density estimation
privacy protection
randomized response
scrambling
sensitive survey sampling
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2134
work_keys_str_mv AT alvancalebarulandu kerneldensityestimationforjointscramblinginsensitivesurveys
AT satgupta kerneldensityestimationforjointscramblinginsensitivesurveys