Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processes

Abstract Identifying seed nodes to maximize the final size of spreading is an important research subject in network science. While traditional researches focus on central nodes, the potential and mechanisms by which periphery nodes might initiate large spreading events are less explored. Here, we sh...

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Main Authors: Wenchao He, Chao Gao, Tao Jia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Communications Physics
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02183-1
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author Wenchao He
Chao Gao
Tao Jia
author_facet Wenchao He
Chao Gao
Tao Jia
author_sort Wenchao He
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Identifying seed nodes to maximize the final size of spreading is an important research subject in network science. While traditional researches focus on central nodes, the potential and mechanisms by which periphery nodes might initiate large spreading events are less explored. Here, we show that outbreaks initiated by nodes with the lowest centrality can overtake those initiated by nodes with the highest centrality in scenarios involving multiple seed nodes. This result is consistent across diverse empirical and synthetic networks and for various centrality measures. We decipher this phenomenon by dissecting the spreading dynamics into outbreak size and outbreak probability, informed by the bimodal distributions inherent in stochastic spreading processes. To further elucidate this overtaking effect, we present mathematical proofs based on percolation theory. This research advances the understanding of network spreading and highlights the overlooked potential of lower-centrality nodes, especially given their cost-effectiveness in many real-world spreading applications.
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issn 2399-3650
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spelling doaj-art-a8910ce81879412b8a6d69b8bed42f5e2025-08-20T03:38:13ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Physics2399-36502025-07-018111010.1038/s42005-025-02183-1Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processesWenchao He0Chao Gao1Tao Jia2College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest UniversitySchool of Artificial Intelligence, OPtics and ElectroNics(iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityCollege of Computer and Information Science, Southwest UniversityAbstract Identifying seed nodes to maximize the final size of spreading is an important research subject in network science. While traditional researches focus on central nodes, the potential and mechanisms by which periphery nodes might initiate large spreading events are less explored. Here, we show that outbreaks initiated by nodes with the lowest centrality can overtake those initiated by nodes with the highest centrality in scenarios involving multiple seed nodes. This result is consistent across diverse empirical and synthetic networks and for various centrality measures. We decipher this phenomenon by dissecting the spreading dynamics into outbreak size and outbreak probability, informed by the bimodal distributions inherent in stochastic spreading processes. To further elucidate this overtaking effect, we present mathematical proofs based on percolation theory. This research advances the understanding of network spreading and highlights the overlooked potential of lower-centrality nodes, especially given their cost-effectiveness in many real-world spreading applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02183-1
spellingShingle Wenchao He
Chao Gao
Tao Jia
Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processes
Communications Physics
title Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processes
title_full Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processes
title_fullStr Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processes
title_full_unstemmed Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processes
title_short Deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low-centrality nodes in spreading processes
title_sort deciphering the overtaking phenomenon initiated by low centrality nodes in spreading processes
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02183-1
work_keys_str_mv AT wenchaohe decipheringtheovertakingphenomenoninitiatedbylowcentralitynodesinspreadingprocesses
AT chaogao decipheringtheovertakingphenomenoninitiatedbylowcentralitynodesinspreadingprocesses
AT taojia decipheringtheovertakingphenomenoninitiatedbylowcentralitynodesinspreadingprocesses