Alkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in Palestine

Abstract Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in diverse domains, yet their application in the legal sector, particularly in low-resource contexts, remains limited. This study addresses the challenges of adapting LLMs to the Palestinian legal domain, where political in...

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Main Authors: Rabee Al-Qaesm, Mohannad Hendi, Banan Tantour
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-06-01
Series:Discover Artificial Intelligence
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00313-w
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author Rabee Al-Qaesm
Mohannad Hendi
Banan Tantour
author_facet Rabee Al-Qaesm
Mohannad Hendi
Banan Tantour
author_sort Rabee Al-Qaesm
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in diverse domains, yet their application in the legal sector, particularly in low-resource contexts, remains limited. This study addresses the challenges of adapting LLMs to the Palestinian legal domain, where political instability, fragmented legal frameworks, and limited AI resources hinder effective machine-learning applications. We present a fine-tuned model based on a quantized version of Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct, trained on a synthetic data set derived from Palestinian legal texts. Using smaller-scale models and strategically generated question-answer pairs, we achieve a cost-effective, locally sustainable solution that provides accurate and contextually relevant legal guidance. Our experiments demonstrate promising performance on various query types, ranging from yes / no questions and narrative explanations to complex legal differentiations, while highlighting areas for improvement, such as handling calculation-based inquiries and structured list formatting. This work provides a pathway for the deployment of AI-driven legal assistance tools tailored to the needs of resource-constrained environments.
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spelling doaj-art-a885fcb4a6e94a6b87c2e10bdd2f87132025-08-20T02:37:33ZengSpringerDiscover Artificial Intelligence2731-08092025-06-015111610.1007/s44163-025-00313-wAlkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in PalestineRabee Al-Qaesm0Mohannad Hendi1Banan Tantour2GgatewayIndependent researcherCooperative Work AgencyAbstract Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in diverse domains, yet their application in the legal sector, particularly in low-resource contexts, remains limited. This study addresses the challenges of adapting LLMs to the Palestinian legal domain, where political instability, fragmented legal frameworks, and limited AI resources hinder effective machine-learning applications. We present a fine-tuned model based on a quantized version of Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct, trained on a synthetic data set derived from Palestinian legal texts. Using smaller-scale models and strategically generated question-answer pairs, we achieve a cost-effective, locally sustainable solution that provides accurate and contextually relevant legal guidance. Our experiments demonstrate promising performance on various query types, ranging from yes / no questions and narrative explanations to complex legal differentiations, while highlighting areas for improvement, such as handling calculation-based inquiries and structured list formatting. This work provides a pathway for the deployment of AI-driven legal assistance tools tailored to the needs of resource-constrained environments.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00313-w
spellingShingle Rabee Al-Qaesm
Mohannad Hendi
Banan Tantour
Alkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in Palestine
Discover Artificial Intelligence
title Alkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in Palestine
title_full Alkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in Palestine
title_fullStr Alkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in Palestine
title_full_unstemmed Alkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in Palestine
title_short Alkafi-llama3: fine-tuning LLMs for precise legal understanding in Palestine
title_sort alkafi llama3 fine tuning llms for precise legal understanding in palestine
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00313-w
work_keys_str_mv AT rabeealqaesm alkafillama3finetuningllmsforpreciselegalunderstandinginpalestine
AT mohannadhendi alkafillama3finetuningllmsforpreciselegalunderstandinginpalestine
AT banantantour alkafillama3finetuningllmsforpreciselegalunderstandinginpalestine