Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand

Abstract Insecticide resistance is a serious threat to vector control programs worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the development of resistance in vector populations. Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826) is a cosmopolitan tick and a vector of medically important pathogens. We conducted...

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Main Authors: Ratree Takhampunya, Wasinee Ngonsawan, Asma Longkunan, Siriporn Phasomkusolsil, Sommai Promsathaporn, Bousaraporn Tippayachai, Jira Sakolvaree, Alyssa N. Mann, Erica J. Lindroth
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Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91600-0
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author Ratree Takhampunya
Wasinee Ngonsawan
Asma Longkunan
Siriporn Phasomkusolsil
Sommai Promsathaporn
Bousaraporn Tippayachai
Jira Sakolvaree
Alyssa N. Mann
Erica J. Lindroth
author_facet Ratree Takhampunya
Wasinee Ngonsawan
Asma Longkunan
Siriporn Phasomkusolsil
Sommai Promsathaporn
Bousaraporn Tippayachai
Jira Sakolvaree
Alyssa N. Mann
Erica J. Lindroth
author_sort Ratree Takhampunya
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Insecticide resistance is a serious threat to vector control programs worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the development of resistance in vector populations. Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826) is a cosmopolitan tick and a vector of medically important pathogens. We conducted a comprehensive investigation of permethrin resistance in larvae of Rh. linnaei populations across Thailand by comparing phenotypic resistance with tick genotypes, focusing on mutations in Domain II and III of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Results showed that larvae obtained from engorged female tick populations in Thailand have developed resistance to permethrin, with levels varying by location. Resistance ratios ranged from 1 to 56 when compared to the least susceptible local population. Genotyping identified mutations at positions 190 (c.190C > A and c.190C > G) and 2134 (c.2134T > C) in Domain II and Domain III, respectively, which are correlated with phenotypic resistance. We identified new alleles c.190CG and c.190AG in highly resistant populations from Phasichareon, Bangkok, and Chonburi provinces. This study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, of permethrin resistance in Rh. linnaei ticks in Thailand. Elevated levels of permethrin resistance in Rh. linnaei populations across Thailand indicate that veterinarians and farmers should consider tick control products with alternative modes of action.
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spelling doaj-art-a82c6cc7ff1643bbb0a924cb252653022025-08-20T03:05:52ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-03-0115111510.1038/s41598-025-91600-0Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in ThailandRatree Takhampunya0Wasinee Ngonsawan1Asma Longkunan2Siriporn Phasomkusolsil3Sommai Promsathaporn4Bousaraporn Tippayachai5Jira Sakolvaree6Alyssa N. Mann7Erica J. Lindroth8Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesAbstract Insecticide resistance is a serious threat to vector control programs worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the development of resistance in vector populations. Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826) is a cosmopolitan tick and a vector of medically important pathogens. We conducted a comprehensive investigation of permethrin resistance in larvae of Rh. linnaei populations across Thailand by comparing phenotypic resistance with tick genotypes, focusing on mutations in Domain II and III of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Results showed that larvae obtained from engorged female tick populations in Thailand have developed resistance to permethrin, with levels varying by location. Resistance ratios ranged from 1 to 56 when compared to the least susceptible local population. Genotyping identified mutations at positions 190 (c.190C > A and c.190C > G) and 2134 (c.2134T > C) in Domain II and Domain III, respectively, which are correlated with phenotypic resistance. We identified new alleles c.190CG and c.190AG in highly resistant populations from Phasichareon, Bangkok, and Chonburi provinces. This study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, of permethrin resistance in Rh. linnaei ticks in Thailand. Elevated levels of permethrin resistance in Rh. linnaei populations across Thailand indicate that veterinarians and farmers should consider tick control products with alternative modes of action.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91600-0Permethrin resistanceRhipicephalus linnaeiVoltage-gated sodium channelLarval packet testHaplotype analysis
spellingShingle Ratree Takhampunya
Wasinee Ngonsawan
Asma Longkunan
Siriporn Phasomkusolsil
Sommai Promsathaporn
Bousaraporn Tippayachai
Jira Sakolvaree
Alyssa N. Mann
Erica J. Lindroth
Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand
Scientific Reports
Permethrin resistance
Rhipicephalus linnaei
Voltage-gated sodium channel
Larval packet test
Haplotype analysis
title Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand
title_full Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand
title_fullStr Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand
title_full_unstemmed Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand
title_short Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand
title_sort mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in rhipicephalus linnaei populations in thailand
topic Permethrin resistance
Rhipicephalus linnaei
Voltage-gated sodium channel
Larval packet test
Haplotype analysis
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91600-0
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