Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives

Abstract In this study, an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the one-pot synthesis of indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was developed using Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4 nanoparticles as a catalyst. Indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines (4a-4j) were synthesized via three-component couplings of 6...

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Main Authors: Leila Emami, Ladan Baziyar, Al-Anood Mohammad Al-Dies, Sara Sadeghian, Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili, Zeinab Faghih, Sajad Khorasani, Leila Zamani, Soghra Khabnadideh
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Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:BMC Chemistry
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01489-z
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author Leila Emami
Ladan Baziyar
Al-Anood Mohammad Al-Dies
Sara Sadeghian
Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili
Zeinab Faghih
Sajad Khorasani
Leila Zamani
Soghra Khabnadideh
author_facet Leila Emami
Ladan Baziyar
Al-Anood Mohammad Al-Dies
Sara Sadeghian
Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili
Zeinab Faghih
Sajad Khorasani
Leila Zamani
Soghra Khabnadideh
author_sort Leila Emami
collection DOAJ
description Abstract In this study, an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the one-pot synthesis of indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was developed using Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4 nanoparticles as a catalyst. Indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines (4a-4j) were synthesized via three-component couplings of 6-amino-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, 1,3-indanedione, and aldehydes in water as the solvent. In this reaction, Fe3O4@SiO2–SnCl4 demonstrated a highly catalytic nature, an easy handling procedure, short reaction times, recyclability exploitation, and excellent yields. The cytotoxic activities of the synthesized indenopyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidines analogues were evaluated against three cancer cell lines; MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), A549 (lung non-small cell carcinoma), and SKOV3 (ovarian carcinoma) using MTT assay. Additionally, molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the investigated compounds was performed to verify their binding modes toward EGFR kinase receptor as the possible targets. This analysis aimed to predict the antitumor mechanisms of the synthesized compounds. The binding free energy values of the compounds showed a satisfactory correlation with their cytotoxic activities.
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spelling doaj-art-a7dfe0cbe4f747efb59657aba119318f2025-08-20T02:32:00ZengBMCBMC Chemistry2661-801X2025-05-0119111310.1186/s13065-025-01489-zFe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivativesLeila Emami0Ladan Baziyar1Al-Anood Mohammad Al-Dies2Sara Sadeghian3Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili4Zeinab Faghih5Sajad Khorasani6Leila Zamani7Soghra Khabnadideh8Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry, Al Qunfudah University College, UMM Al-Qura UniversityDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Yazd UniversityPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesAbstract In this study, an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the one-pot synthesis of indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was developed using Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4 nanoparticles as a catalyst. Indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines (4a-4j) were synthesized via three-component couplings of 6-amino-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, 1,3-indanedione, and aldehydes in water as the solvent. In this reaction, Fe3O4@SiO2–SnCl4 demonstrated a highly catalytic nature, an easy handling procedure, short reaction times, recyclability exploitation, and excellent yields. The cytotoxic activities of the synthesized indenopyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidines analogues were evaluated against three cancer cell lines; MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), A549 (lung non-small cell carcinoma), and SKOV3 (ovarian carcinoma) using MTT assay. Additionally, molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the investigated compounds was performed to verify their binding modes toward EGFR kinase receptor as the possible targets. This analysis aimed to predict the antitumor mechanisms of the synthesized compounds. The binding free energy values of the compounds showed a satisfactory correlation with their cytotoxic activities.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01489-zIndenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidineCytotoxic activityMolecular dockingMD Simulation
spellingShingle Leila Emami
Ladan Baziyar
Al-Anood Mohammad Al-Dies
Sara Sadeghian
Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili
Zeinab Faghih
Sajad Khorasani
Leila Zamani
Soghra Khabnadideh
Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
BMC Chemistry
Indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine
Cytotoxic activity
Molecular docking
MD Simulation
title Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
title_full Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
title_fullStr Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
title_full_unstemmed Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
title_short Fe3O4@SiO2-SnCl4-promoted synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of some indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
title_sort fe3o4 sio2 sncl4 promoted synthesis cytotoxic evaluation molecular docking and md simulation of some indenopyrido 2 3 d pyrimidine derivatives
topic Indenopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine
Cytotoxic activity
Molecular docking
MD Simulation
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01489-z
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