Thermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics
Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the double-differential $$p_T$$ distributions of charged particles across twelve pseudorapidity regions ( $$|\eta | < 2.4$$ , bin width $$\Delta \eta = 0.2$$ ) in $$pp$$ collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 0.9$$ , 2.36, and 7 TeV. Using a modified T...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08380-w |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849763908121788416 |
|---|---|
| author | Haifa I. Alrebdi Muhammad Ajaz Murad Badshah Muhammad Waqas Norah A. M. Alsaif Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad Jihane Ben Slimane |
| author_facet | Haifa I. Alrebdi Muhammad Ajaz Murad Badshah Muhammad Waqas Norah A. M. Alsaif Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad Jihane Ben Slimane |
| author_sort | Haifa I. Alrebdi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the double-differential $$p_T$$ distributions of charged particles across twelve pseudorapidity regions ( $$|\eta | < 2.4$$ , bin width $$\Delta \eta = 0.2$$ ) in $$pp$$ collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 0.9$$ , 2.36, and 7 TeV. Using a modified Tsallis function incorporating an effective transverse flow velocity, we achieve excellent agreement between the model and experimental data, with consistent fit quality across all $$p_T$$ ranges (validated by Data/Fit panels). The extracted parameters including kinetic freeze-out temperature ( $$T_0$$ ), mean transverse flow velocity ( $$\langle \beta _T\rangle$$ ), non-extensivity parameter ( $$q$$ ), and mean transverse momentum ( $$\langle p_T \rangle$$ ) reveal systematic dependencies on $$\eta$$ and $$\sqrt{s}$$ . Both $$T_0$$ , $$\langle \beta _T\rangle$$ , and $$\langle p_T \rangle$$ decrease with $$|\eta |$$ , attributed to reduced energy deposition and weaker thermalization in fragmentation-dominated high- $$|\eta |$$ regions. These parameters also exhibit marked growth with $$\sqrt{s}$$ , reflecting collision-energy-driven dynamics. In contrast, $$q$$ increases with $$|\eta |$$ , signaling greater deviation from thermal equilibrium (Boltzmann limit $$q \rightarrow 1$$ ) at larger $$|\eta |$$ , while mid- $$\eta$$ particles ( $$|\eta | \approx 0$$ ) approach near-equilibrium behavior. Parameter correlations, particularly between $$T_0$$ , $$\langle \beta _T\rangle$$ , $$q$$ , and $$\langle p_T \rangle$$ , highlight interplay between thermal and collective-like dynamics. The results provide critical insights into the interplay of thermalization, effective flow, and non-equilibrium effects in small collision systems, advancing the understanding of bulk hadronic matter in high-energy $$pp$$ interactions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a7d66b92f4a04bb983ad47e640252b8a |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-a7d66b92f4a04bb983ad47e640252b8a2025-08-20T03:05:17ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-08380-wThermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematicsHaifa I. Alrebdi0Muhammad Ajaz1Murad Badshah2Muhammad Waqas3Norah A. M. Alsaif4Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad5Jihane Ben Slimane6Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityDepartment of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University MardanDepartment of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University MardanHubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, School of New Energy, Hubei University of Automotive TechnologyDepartment of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityDepartment of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of GuyanaDepartment of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border UniversityAbstract This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the double-differential $$p_T$$ distributions of charged particles across twelve pseudorapidity regions ( $$|\eta | < 2.4$$ , bin width $$\Delta \eta = 0.2$$ ) in $$pp$$ collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 0.9$$ , 2.36, and 7 TeV. Using a modified Tsallis function incorporating an effective transverse flow velocity, we achieve excellent agreement between the model and experimental data, with consistent fit quality across all $$p_T$$ ranges (validated by Data/Fit panels). The extracted parameters including kinetic freeze-out temperature ( $$T_0$$ ), mean transverse flow velocity ( $$\langle \beta _T\rangle$$ ), non-extensivity parameter ( $$q$$ ), and mean transverse momentum ( $$\langle p_T \rangle$$ ) reveal systematic dependencies on $$\eta$$ and $$\sqrt{s}$$ . Both $$T_0$$ , $$\langle \beta _T\rangle$$ , and $$\langle p_T \rangle$$ decrease with $$|\eta |$$ , attributed to reduced energy deposition and weaker thermalization in fragmentation-dominated high- $$|\eta |$$ regions. These parameters also exhibit marked growth with $$\sqrt{s}$$ , reflecting collision-energy-driven dynamics. In contrast, $$q$$ increases with $$|\eta |$$ , signaling greater deviation from thermal equilibrium (Boltzmann limit $$q \rightarrow 1$$ ) at larger $$|\eta |$$ , while mid- $$\eta$$ particles ( $$|\eta | \approx 0$$ ) approach near-equilibrium behavior. Parameter correlations, particularly between $$T_0$$ , $$\langle \beta _T\rangle$$ , $$q$$ , and $$\langle p_T \rangle$$ , highlight interplay between thermal and collective-like dynamics. The results provide critical insights into the interplay of thermalization, effective flow, and non-equilibrium effects in small collision systems, advancing the understanding of bulk hadronic matter in high-energy $$pp$$ interactions.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08380-w |
| spellingShingle | Haifa I. Alrebdi Muhammad Ajaz Murad Badshah Muhammad Waqas Norah A. M. Alsaif Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad Jihane Ben Slimane Thermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics Scientific Reports |
| title | Thermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics |
| title_full | Thermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics |
| title_fullStr | Thermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics |
| title_short | Thermal freeze-out and collective signatures in $$pp$$ collisions with a non-extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics |
| title_sort | thermal freeze out and collective signatures in pp collisions with a non extensive statistical study on energy and pseudorapidity systematics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08380-w |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT haifaialrebdi thermalfreezeoutandcollectivesignaturesinppcollisionswithanonextensivestatisticalstudyonenergyandpseudorapiditysystematics AT muhammadajaz thermalfreezeoutandcollectivesignaturesinppcollisionswithanonextensivestatisticalstudyonenergyandpseudorapiditysystematics AT muradbadshah thermalfreezeoutandcollectivesignaturesinppcollisionswithanonextensivestatisticalstudyonenergyandpseudorapiditysystematics AT muhammadwaqas thermalfreezeoutandcollectivesignaturesinppcollisionswithanonextensivestatisticalstudyonenergyandpseudorapiditysystematics AT norahamalsaif thermalfreezeoutandcollectivesignaturesinppcollisionswithanonextensivestatisticalstudyonenergyandpseudorapiditysystematics AT mohammadayazahmad thermalfreezeoutandcollectivesignaturesinppcollisionswithanonextensivestatisticalstudyonenergyandpseudorapiditysystematics AT jihanebenslimane thermalfreezeoutandcollectivesignaturesinppcollisionswithanonextensivestatisticalstudyonenergyandpseudorapiditysystematics |