Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogue

Aim: The VitaK-CAC (vitamin K-coronary artery calcification) trial is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with pre-existent CAC who were treated for two years with either placebo or the vitamin K2-analogue menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The purpose of the present analysis of the...

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Main Authors: Liv M Vossen, Leon J Schurgers, Claudia de Haan, Abraham A Kroon, Peter W de Leeuw
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Open Exploration Publishing Inc. 2025-05-01
Series:Exploration of Medicine
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Online Access:https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A1001321/1001321.pdf
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author Liv M Vossen
Leon J Schurgers
Claudia de Haan
Abraham A Kroon
Peter W de Leeuw
author_facet Liv M Vossen
Leon J Schurgers
Claudia de Haan
Abraham A Kroon
Peter W de Leeuw
author_sort Liv M Vossen
collection DOAJ
description Aim: The VitaK-CAC (vitamin K-coronary artery calcification) trial is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with pre-existent CAC who were treated for two years with either placebo or the vitamin K2-analogue menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The purpose of the present analysis of the VitaK-CAC trial was to assess the degree of adherence to supplementation with MK-7 during the implementation and persistence phases. Methods: We estimated adherence in three different ways: 1) by pill counts, 2) by measuring plasma levels of MK-7, and 3) by measuring plasma levels of dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein (dp-ucMGP), a marker of the functional bioactivity of vitamin K. Results: Estimated adherence based on pill counts was 90%, but it was lower (80%) when plasma levels of vitamin MK-7 were taken as reference. Changes in dp-ucMGP appeared not to be independent from those of MK-7. Conclusions: We conclude that none of the three methods that we applied in our study is absolutely reliable to estimate adherence to supplementation with MK-7. Yet, the measurement of MK-7 levels provides the best information (the study has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01002157).
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publishDate 2025-05-01
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spelling doaj-art-a7c1aadac8e54174a89fe7f7d64e4f262025-08-20T03:54:07ZengOpen Exploration Publishing Inc.Exploration of Medicine2692-31062025-05-016100132110.37349/emed.2025.1001321Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogueLiv M Vossen0Leon J Schurgers1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-6957Claudia de Haan2Abraham A Kroon3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7750-8249Peter W de Leeuw4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-5812Department of Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsAim: The VitaK-CAC (vitamin K-coronary artery calcification) trial is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with pre-existent CAC who were treated for two years with either placebo or the vitamin K2-analogue menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The purpose of the present analysis of the VitaK-CAC trial was to assess the degree of adherence to supplementation with MK-7 during the implementation and persistence phases. Methods: We estimated adherence in three different ways: 1) by pill counts, 2) by measuring plasma levels of MK-7, and 3) by measuring plasma levels of dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein (dp-ucMGP), a marker of the functional bioactivity of vitamin K. Results: Estimated adherence based on pill counts was 90%, but it was lower (80%) when plasma levels of vitamin MK-7 were taken as reference. Changes in dp-ucMGP appeared not to be independent from those of MK-7. Conclusions: We conclude that none of the three methods that we applied in our study is absolutely reliable to estimate adherence to supplementation with MK-7. Yet, the measurement of MK-7 levels provides the best information (the study has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01002157).https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A1001321/1001321.pdfadherencevitamin kmenaquinone-7dp-ucmgp
spellingShingle Liv M Vossen
Leon J Schurgers
Claudia de Haan
Abraham A Kroon
Peter W de Leeuw
Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogue
Exploration of Medicine
adherence
vitamin k
menaquinone-7
dp-ucmgp
title Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogue
title_full Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogue
title_fullStr Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogue
title_full_unstemmed Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogue
title_short Adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone-7, a vitamin K2 analogue
title_sort adherence to dietary supplementation with menaquinone 7 a vitamin k2 analogue
topic adherence
vitamin k
menaquinone-7
dp-ucmgp
url https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A1001321/1001321.pdf
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