Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic Analysis

In this review, a 5-year overview on environmentally friendly approaches for the extraction of the most relevant organic pollutants in soil, sediment, particulate matter, and sewage sludge coupled with chromatographic analysis is reported. Organic contaminants encompass various compounds derived fro...

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Main Authors: Attilio Naccarato, Rosangela Elliani, Antonio Tagarelli
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Separations
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/5/124
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author Attilio Naccarato
Rosangela Elliani
Antonio Tagarelli
author_facet Attilio Naccarato
Rosangela Elliani
Antonio Tagarelli
author_sort Attilio Naccarato
collection DOAJ
description In this review, a 5-year overview on environmentally friendly approaches for the extraction of the most relevant organic pollutants in soil, sediment, particulate matter, and sewage sludge coupled with chromatographic analysis is reported. Organic contaminants encompass various compounds derived from personal care products, industrial chemicals, microplastics, organic matter combustion, agricultural practices, and plasticizer material. The principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC) and green sample preparation (GSP) serve as a guideline for the development of more environmentally sustainable analytical protocols. This study focuses attention on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), and microextraction techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), spray-assisted droplet formation-based liquid-phase microextraction (SADF-LPME), and dispersive liquid–liquid extraction (DLLME). These approaches represent the most relevant eco-friendly sample preparation for the advanced extraction of target analytes from environmental solid samples.
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spelling doaj-art-a7af0fc0c4fc4477950ee8d9e6f08ca92025-08-20T01:56:45ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392025-05-0112512410.3390/separations12050124Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic AnalysisAttilio Naccarato0Rosangela Elliani1Antonio Tagarelli2Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, ItalyDipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, ItalyDipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, ItalyIn this review, a 5-year overview on environmentally friendly approaches for the extraction of the most relevant organic pollutants in soil, sediment, particulate matter, and sewage sludge coupled with chromatographic analysis is reported. Organic contaminants encompass various compounds derived from personal care products, industrial chemicals, microplastics, organic matter combustion, agricultural practices, and plasticizer material. The principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC) and green sample preparation (GSP) serve as a guideline for the development of more environmentally sustainable analytical protocols. This study focuses attention on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), and microextraction techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), spray-assisted droplet formation-based liquid-phase microextraction (SADF-LPME), and dispersive liquid–liquid extraction (DLLME). These approaches represent the most relevant eco-friendly sample preparation for the advanced extraction of target analytes from environmental solid samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/5/124eco-friendly approachesmicroextraction techniquessolid matricesgreen sample preparationchromatographic analysisorganic environmental pollutants
spellingShingle Attilio Naccarato
Rosangela Elliani
Antonio Tagarelli
Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic Analysis
Separations
eco-friendly approaches
microextraction techniques
solid matrices
green sample preparation
chromatographic analysis
organic environmental pollutants
title Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic Analysis
title_full Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic Analysis
title_fullStr Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic Analysis
title_short Microextraction and Eco-Friendly Techniques Applied to Solid Matrices Followed by Chromatographic Analysis
title_sort microextraction and eco friendly techniques applied to solid matrices followed by chromatographic analysis
topic eco-friendly approaches
microextraction techniques
solid matrices
green sample preparation
chromatographic analysis
organic environmental pollutants
url https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/5/124
work_keys_str_mv AT attilionaccarato microextractionandecofriendlytechniquesappliedtosolidmatricesfollowedbychromatographicanalysis
AT rosangelaelliani microextractionandecofriendlytechniquesappliedtosolidmatricesfollowedbychromatographicanalysis
AT antoniotagarelli microextractionandecofriendlytechniquesappliedtosolidmatricesfollowedbychromatographicanalysis