Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine
Abstract The detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in dairy cattle in the United States has raised concerns about human exposure. This study evaluated the efficacy of various doses of an inactivated H5 AI vaccine in cattle and assessed antibody transfer in milk against a rece...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87831-w |
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| author | Mohamed Samy Abousenna Nermeen G. Shafik Mahmoud M. Abotaleb |
| author_facet | Mohamed Samy Abousenna Nermeen G. Shafik Mahmoud M. Abotaleb |
| author_sort | Mohamed Samy Abousenna |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in dairy cattle in the United States has raised concerns about human exposure. This study evaluated the efficacy of various doses of an inactivated H5 AI vaccine in cattle and assessed antibody transfer in milk against a recent bovine isolate of HPAI A(H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b). Calves were inoculated with different vaccine doses, while lactating cows received the vaccine four weeks later. The humoral immune response was measured using the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and ELISA. Results showed a dose-dependent immune response, with higher doses producing stronger and more sustained antibody levels. Group 1 maintained a stable HI titer of 6 log2, while Groups 2, 3, and 4 peaked at 8, 9, and 9 log2, respectively, by the fourth week post-vaccination. Milk antibody transfer was observed, with strong positive responses in milk samples by the second week post-vaccination. The ID Screen ELISA demonstrated higher sensitivity for detecting antibodies in milk compared to serum. The immune response to the AI vaccine differed from responses to other vaccines used in cattle such as Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) and Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), indicating the need for optimizing vaccine dosage and formulation, including adjuvant and antigen content. Future research should extend the monitoring period, increase sample sizes, and explore different vaccine formulations to develop effective vaccination strategies for cattle. These findings highlight the potential for using inactivated H5 AI vaccines in cattle to enhance immune protection and facilitate antibody transfer through milk. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a78ff08b7f8e42428afded5cb9ffe737 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-a78ff08b7f8e42428afded5cb9ffe7372025-02-09T12:33:00ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-011511910.1038/s41598-025-87831-wEvaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccineMohamed Samy Abousenna0Nermeen G. Shafik1Mahmoud M. Abotaleb2Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research CenterCentral Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research CenterCentral Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research CenterAbstract The detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in dairy cattle in the United States has raised concerns about human exposure. This study evaluated the efficacy of various doses of an inactivated H5 AI vaccine in cattle and assessed antibody transfer in milk against a recent bovine isolate of HPAI A(H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b). Calves were inoculated with different vaccine doses, while lactating cows received the vaccine four weeks later. The humoral immune response was measured using the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and ELISA. Results showed a dose-dependent immune response, with higher doses producing stronger and more sustained antibody levels. Group 1 maintained a stable HI titer of 6 log2, while Groups 2, 3, and 4 peaked at 8, 9, and 9 log2, respectively, by the fourth week post-vaccination. Milk antibody transfer was observed, with strong positive responses in milk samples by the second week post-vaccination. The ID Screen ELISA demonstrated higher sensitivity for detecting antibodies in milk compared to serum. The immune response to the AI vaccine differed from responses to other vaccines used in cattle such as Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) and Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), indicating the need for optimizing vaccine dosage and formulation, including adjuvant and antigen content. Future research should extend the monitoring period, increase sample sizes, and explore different vaccine formulations to develop effective vaccination strategies for cattle. These findings highlight the potential for using inactivated H5 AI vaccines in cattle to enhance immune protection and facilitate antibody transfer through milk.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87831-wHighly pathogenic avian influenzaAIV vaccineVaccine efficacyHIAIV in cattleAIV outbreak |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed Samy Abousenna Nermeen G. Shafik Mahmoud M. Abotaleb Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine Scientific Reports Highly pathogenic avian influenza AIV vaccine Vaccine efficacy HI AIV in cattle AIV outbreak |
| title | Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine |
| title_full | Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine |
| title_short | Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine |
| title_sort | evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated h5 avian influenza vaccine |
| topic | Highly pathogenic avian influenza AIV vaccine Vaccine efficacy HI AIV in cattle AIV outbreak |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87831-w |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohamedsamyabousenna evaluationofhumoralimmuneresponseandmilkantibodytransferincalvesandlactatingcowsvaccinatedwithinactivatedh5avianinfluenzavaccine AT nermeengshafik evaluationofhumoralimmuneresponseandmilkantibodytransferincalvesandlactatingcowsvaccinatedwithinactivatedh5avianinfluenzavaccine AT mahmoudmabotaleb evaluationofhumoralimmuneresponseandmilkantibodytransferincalvesandlactatingcowsvaccinatedwithinactivatedh5avianinfluenzavaccine |