Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature Review

Farm simulation models are a popular form of measuring greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) from the agricultural industry as they are holistic and cost effective. The simulation models often follow the well-accepted life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to estimate the GHGe from the complete system from...

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Main Authors: Fern T. Baker, Stephen Axon
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Land
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/6/1207
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author Fern T. Baker
Stephen Axon
author_facet Fern T. Baker
Stephen Axon
author_sort Fern T. Baker
collection DOAJ
description Farm simulation models are a popular form of measuring greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) from the agricultural industry as they are holistic and cost effective. The simulation models often follow the well-accepted life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to estimate the GHGe from the complete system from cradle to farm-gate. However, several studies have highlighted flaws in the methodology and accuracy of the application of the LCA tool, underestimating emissions based on the scope of the study. GHGe vary considerably across livestock species, with cattle contributing to the highest proportion, from dairy and beef production. An extensive literature review evaluating the application of the LCA tool for measuring and comparing dairy farm GHGe has not been conducted. The current review evaluates the literature on LCAs of the dairy system across the globe, to highlight the flaws in poor scope design, the potential to underestimate emissions, and significant trade-offs disregarding vital variables.
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spelling doaj-art-a76afa2d6f644952a3037434cbf94ede2025-08-20T02:21:07ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-06-01146120710.3390/land14061207Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature ReviewFern T. Baker0Stephen Axon1Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UKDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UKFarm simulation models are a popular form of measuring greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) from the agricultural industry as they are holistic and cost effective. The simulation models often follow the well-accepted life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to estimate the GHGe from the complete system from cradle to farm-gate. However, several studies have highlighted flaws in the methodology and accuracy of the application of the LCA tool, underestimating emissions based on the scope of the study. GHGe vary considerably across livestock species, with cattle contributing to the highest proportion, from dairy and beef production. An extensive literature review evaluating the application of the LCA tool for measuring and comparing dairy farm GHGe has not been conducted. The current review evaluates the literature on LCAs of the dairy system across the globe, to highlight the flaws in poor scope design, the potential to underestimate emissions, and significant trade-offs disregarding vital variables.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/6/1207life cycle assessmentsimulationfarmingagriculturedairy systemgreenhouse gas emissions
spellingShingle Fern T. Baker
Stephen Axon
Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature Review
Land
life cycle assessment
simulation
farming
agriculture
dairy system
greenhouse gas emissions
title Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature Review
title_full Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature Review
title_fullStr Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature Review
title_full_unstemmed Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature Review
title_short Towards an Application of the Life Cycle Assessment Framework for GHG Emissions of the Dairy System: A Literature Review
title_sort towards an application of the life cycle assessment framework for ghg emissions of the dairy system a literature review
topic life cycle assessment
simulation
farming
agriculture
dairy system
greenhouse gas emissions
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/6/1207
work_keys_str_mv AT ferntbaker towardsanapplicationofthelifecycleassessmentframeworkforghgemissionsofthedairysystemaliteraturereview
AT stephenaxon towardsanapplicationofthelifecycleassessmentframeworkforghgemissionsofthedairysystemaliteraturereview