Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timing

This study evaluated the impact of different flowering stages on the quality attributes of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) flowers. Analysis of samples from three flowering stages (initial, full bloom, and final) revealed distinct biochemical profiles that provide a framework for optimizing ha...

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Main Authors: Yuwen Mu, Shenghai Hu, Chunmei Li, Jing Sun, Bei Fan, Fengzhong Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-08-01
Series:Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325004831
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author Yuwen Mu
Shenghai Hu
Chunmei Li
Jing Sun
Bei Fan
Fengzhong Wang
author_facet Yuwen Mu
Shenghai Hu
Chunmei Li
Jing Sun
Bei Fan
Fengzhong Wang
author_sort Yuwen Mu
collection DOAJ
description This study evaluated the impact of different flowering stages on the quality attributes of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) flowers. Analysis of samples from three flowering stages (initial, full bloom, and final) revealed distinct biochemical profiles that provide a framework for optimizing harvest timing. The initial flowering stage showed the highest concentrations of multiple compounds. These included phenolics (6.2 ± 0.6 mg/g DW), flavonoids (1.55 ± 0.01 mg/g DW), calcium (3078 ± 1 μg/g DW), and total sugars (190 ± 1 mg/g DW). Full bloom stage exhibited peak concentrations of amino acids (41.05 ± 0.01 mg/g DW), potassium (1982 ± 3 μg/g DW), and magnesium (1392 ± 3 μg/g DW). Phenolic compounds showed U-shaped distribution, decreasing at full bloom before partially recovering during final flowering. Multivariate analysis revealed complex metabolic networks with strong correlations between phenolics and antioxidant activities. OPLS-DA (R2X = 0.95) clearly distinguished distinct metabolic profiles characteristic of each flowering stage. The antagonistic positioning of parameters in the OPLS-DA biplot aligned with negative correlations in the heatmap, confirming metabolic trade-offs throughout development. These findings provide a framework for strategic harvesting: initial flowering maximizes antioxidant properties, full bloom optimizes nutritional content, and final flowering enhances specific flavor compounds, enabling evidence-based decisions to maximize both nutritional value and economic potential.
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spelling doaj-art-a74797d04cc04462a7408b6fb39adfa62025-08-20T03:14:02ZengElsevierJournal of Agriculture and Food Research2666-15432025-08-012210211210.1016/j.jafr.2025.102112Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timingYuwen Mu0Shenghai Hu1Chunmei Li2Jing Sun3Bei Fan4Fengzhong Wang5Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Storage, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, ChinaAgricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, ChinaInstitute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Storage, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, ChinaInstitute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Storage, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, ChinaInstitute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Storage, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China; Corresponding author. Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Storage, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China; Corresponding author. Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.This study evaluated the impact of different flowering stages on the quality attributes of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) flowers. Analysis of samples from three flowering stages (initial, full bloom, and final) revealed distinct biochemical profiles that provide a framework for optimizing harvest timing. The initial flowering stage showed the highest concentrations of multiple compounds. These included phenolics (6.2 ± 0.6 mg/g DW), flavonoids (1.55 ± 0.01 mg/g DW), calcium (3078 ± 1 μg/g DW), and total sugars (190 ± 1 mg/g DW). Full bloom stage exhibited peak concentrations of amino acids (41.05 ± 0.01 mg/g DW), potassium (1982 ± 3 μg/g DW), and magnesium (1392 ± 3 μg/g DW). Phenolic compounds showed U-shaped distribution, decreasing at full bloom before partially recovering during final flowering. Multivariate analysis revealed complex metabolic networks with strong correlations between phenolics and antioxidant activities. OPLS-DA (R2X = 0.95) clearly distinguished distinct metabolic profiles characteristic of each flowering stage. The antagonistic positioning of parameters in the OPLS-DA biplot aligned with negative correlations in the heatmap, confirming metabolic trade-offs throughout development. These findings provide a framework for strategic harvesting: initial flowering maximizes antioxidant properties, full bloom optimizes nutritional content, and final flowering enhances specific flavor compounds, enabling evidence-based decisions to maximize both nutritional value and economic potential.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325004831DaylilyFlowering stagesNutritional compositionBioactive compoundsAntioxidant activityStrategic harvesting
spellingShingle Yuwen Mu
Shenghai Hu
Chunmei Li
Jing Sun
Bei Fan
Fengzhong Wang
Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timing
Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
Daylily
Flowering stages
Nutritional composition
Bioactive compounds
Antioxidant activity
Strategic harvesting
title Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timing
title_full Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timing
title_fullStr Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timing
title_full_unstemmed Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timing
title_short Nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) across flowering stages: A framework for strategic harvest timing
title_sort nutritional and bioactive profiles of daylily hemerocallis citrina across flowering stages a framework for strategic harvest timing
topic Daylily
Flowering stages
Nutritional composition
Bioactive compounds
Antioxidant activity
Strategic harvesting
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325004831
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