Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders
Neurovascular unit (NVU) inflammation via activation of glial cells and neuronal damage plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. Though the exact mechanism of disease pathogenesis is not understood, certain biomarkers provide valuable insight into the disease pathogenesis, severity, prog...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2024.1491952/full |
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| author | Duraisamy Kempuraj Kirk D. Dourvetakis Jessica Cohen Daniel Seth Valladares Rhitik Samir Joshi Sai Puneeth Kothuru Sai Puneeth Kothuru Tristin Anderson Baskaran Chinnappan Amanpreet K. Cheema Nancy G. Klimas Nancy G. Klimas Theoharis C. Theoharides Theoharis C. Theoharides |
| author_facet | Duraisamy Kempuraj Kirk D. Dourvetakis Jessica Cohen Daniel Seth Valladares Rhitik Samir Joshi Sai Puneeth Kothuru Sai Puneeth Kothuru Tristin Anderson Baskaran Chinnappan Amanpreet K. Cheema Nancy G. Klimas Nancy G. Klimas Theoharis C. Theoharides Theoharis C. Theoharides |
| author_sort | Duraisamy Kempuraj |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neurovascular unit (NVU) inflammation via activation of glial cells and neuronal damage plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. Though the exact mechanism of disease pathogenesis is not understood, certain biomarkers provide valuable insight into the disease pathogenesis, severity, progression and therapeutic efficacy. These markers can be used to assess pathophysiological status of brain cells including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, specialized microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, NVU, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Damage or derangements in tight junction (TJ), adherens junction (AdJ), and gap junction (GJ) components of the BBB lead to increased permeability and neuroinflammation in various brain disorders including neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, neuroinflammatory markers can be evaluated in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or brain tissues to determine neurological disease severity, progression, and therapeutic responsiveness. Chronic inflammation is common in age-related neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and dementia. Neurotrauma/traumatic brain injury (TBI) also leads to acute and chronic neuroinflammatory responses. The expression of some markers may also be altered many years or even decades before the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss markers of neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration associated with acute and chronic brain disorders, especially those associated with neurovascular pathologies. These biomarkers can be evaluated in CSF, or brain tissues. Neurofilament light (NfL), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119), aquaporin, endothelin-1, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) are some important neuroinflammatory markers. Recent BBB-on-a-chip modeling offers promising potential for providing an in-depth understanding of brain disorders and neurotherapeutics. Integration of these markers in clinical practice could potentially enhance early diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and improve therapeutic outcomes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a73ca4dfab9d479796e9f282d71810ad |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1662-5102 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj-art-a73ca4dfab9d479796e9f282d71810ad2025-08-20T02:11:11ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022024-10-011810.3389/fncel.2024.14919521491952Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disordersDuraisamy Kempuraj0Kirk D. Dourvetakis1Jessica Cohen2Daniel Seth Valladares3Rhitik Samir Joshi4Sai Puneeth Kothuru5Sai Puneeth Kothuru6Tristin Anderson7Baskaran Chinnappan8Amanpreet K. Cheema9Nancy G. Klimas10Nancy G. Klimas11Theoharis C. Theoharides12Theoharis C. Theoharides13Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesCollege of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesMiami VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United StatesDr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United StatesDepartment of Immunology, Tufts, University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United StatesNeurovascular unit (NVU) inflammation via activation of glial cells and neuronal damage plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. Though the exact mechanism of disease pathogenesis is not understood, certain biomarkers provide valuable insight into the disease pathogenesis, severity, progression and therapeutic efficacy. These markers can be used to assess pathophysiological status of brain cells including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, specialized microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, NVU, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Damage or derangements in tight junction (TJ), adherens junction (AdJ), and gap junction (GJ) components of the BBB lead to increased permeability and neuroinflammation in various brain disorders including neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, neuroinflammatory markers can be evaluated in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or brain tissues to determine neurological disease severity, progression, and therapeutic responsiveness. Chronic inflammation is common in age-related neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and dementia. Neurotrauma/traumatic brain injury (TBI) also leads to acute and chronic neuroinflammatory responses. The expression of some markers may also be altered many years or even decades before the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss markers of neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration associated with acute and chronic brain disorders, especially those associated with neurovascular pathologies. These biomarkers can be evaluated in CSF, or brain tissues. Neurofilament light (NfL), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119), aquaporin, endothelin-1, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) are some important neuroinflammatory markers. Recent BBB-on-a-chip modeling offers promising potential for providing an in-depth understanding of brain disorders and neurotherapeutics. Integration of these markers in clinical practice could potentially enhance early diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and improve therapeutic outcomes.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2024.1491952/fullblood-brain barrier disruptionglial cellsneuroinflammatory biomarkersneurodegenerative disordersneurofilament lightneurovascular unit |
| spellingShingle | Duraisamy Kempuraj Kirk D. Dourvetakis Jessica Cohen Daniel Seth Valladares Rhitik Samir Joshi Sai Puneeth Kothuru Sai Puneeth Kothuru Tristin Anderson Baskaran Chinnappan Amanpreet K. Cheema Nancy G. Klimas Nancy G. Klimas Theoharis C. Theoharides Theoharis C. Theoharides Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience blood-brain barrier disruption glial cells neuroinflammatory biomarkers neurodegenerative disorders neurofilament light neurovascular unit |
| title | Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders |
| title_full | Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders |
| title_fullStr | Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders |
| title_short | Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders |
| title_sort | neurovascular unit neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders |
| topic | blood-brain barrier disruption glial cells neuroinflammatory biomarkers neurodegenerative disorders neurofilament light neurovascular unit |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2024.1491952/full |
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