The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions
<b>Background:</b> The majority of gliomas are astrocytic in nature. Gliomas have the lowest survival rate among all tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by high aggressiveness and poor response to treatment. The tumor microenvironment is a source of cytokines such a...
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2025-03-01
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| author | Małgorzata Kłósek Anna Kurek-Górecka Radosław Balwierz Grażyna Pietsz Zenon P. Czuba |
| author_facet | Małgorzata Kłósek Anna Kurek-Górecka Radosław Balwierz Grażyna Pietsz Zenon P. Czuba |
| author_sort | Małgorzata Kłósek |
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| description | <b>Background:</b> The majority of gliomas are astrocytic in nature. Gliomas have the lowest survival rate among all tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by high aggressiveness and poor response to treatment. The tumor microenvironment is a source of cytokines such as IL-6, IFN-γ, VEGF, and PDGF-BB, secreted mainly by tumor and immune cells. These cytokines play a significant role in angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis formation. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Brazilian green propolis, derived from <i>Baccharis dracunculifolia</i> DC and rich in artepillin C, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, and anticancer activities. Additionally, it can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, demonstrating neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of selected cytokines produced by astrocytes of the CCF-STTG1 cell line, isolated from the brain of a patient with stage IV glioma (astrocytoma). <b>Methods:</b> The cytotoxicity of the EEP-B was evaluated using the MTT assay. Astrocytes were stimulated with LPS at a final concentration of 200 ng/mL and/or IFN-α at 100 U/mL, followed by incubation with EEP-B (25–50 µg/mL) and artepillin C (25–50 µg/mL) under 2-h hypoxia and normoxia conditions. Cytokine concentrations were measured using the xMAP Luminex Multiplex Immunoassay and the Multiplex Bead-Based Cytokine kit. <b>Results:</b> The absence of cytotoxic effects of EEP-B and artepillin C on human astrocytes of the CCF-STTG1 lineage was demonstrated. Stimulation with LPS, IFN-α, and their combination (LPS + IFN-α) significantly increased the secretion of the tested cytokines compared to the control cell line. The most pronounced and statistically significant reduction in cytokine levels, particularly IL-6 and VEGF, was observed following EEP-B treatment at both tested concentrations under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. <b>Conclusions:</b> Brazilian green propolis may serve as a potential immunomodulator in combination therapies for gliomas of varying malignancy grades. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a704aaafca2a45caa18ce07e828e4dcc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-a704aaafca2a45caa18ce07e828e4dcc2025-08-20T03:43:25ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-03-0118338910.3390/ph18030389The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic ConditionsMałgorzata Kłósek0Anna Kurek-Górecka1Radosław Balwierz2Grażyna Pietsz3Zenon P. Czuba4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, PolandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, PolandInstitute of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, PolandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, PolandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland<b>Background:</b> The majority of gliomas are astrocytic in nature. Gliomas have the lowest survival rate among all tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by high aggressiveness and poor response to treatment. The tumor microenvironment is a source of cytokines such as IL-6, IFN-γ, VEGF, and PDGF-BB, secreted mainly by tumor and immune cells. These cytokines play a significant role in angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis formation. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Brazilian green propolis, derived from <i>Baccharis dracunculifolia</i> DC and rich in artepillin C, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, and anticancer activities. Additionally, it can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, demonstrating neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of selected cytokines produced by astrocytes of the CCF-STTG1 cell line, isolated from the brain of a patient with stage IV glioma (astrocytoma). <b>Methods:</b> The cytotoxicity of the EEP-B was evaluated using the MTT assay. Astrocytes were stimulated with LPS at a final concentration of 200 ng/mL and/or IFN-α at 100 U/mL, followed by incubation with EEP-B (25–50 µg/mL) and artepillin C (25–50 µg/mL) under 2-h hypoxia and normoxia conditions. Cytokine concentrations were measured using the xMAP Luminex Multiplex Immunoassay and the Multiplex Bead-Based Cytokine kit. <b>Results:</b> The absence of cytotoxic effects of EEP-B and artepillin C on human astrocytes of the CCF-STTG1 lineage was demonstrated. Stimulation with LPS, IFN-α, and their combination (LPS + IFN-α) significantly increased the secretion of the tested cytokines compared to the control cell line. The most pronounced and statistically significant reduction in cytokine levels, particularly IL-6 and VEGF, was observed following EEP-B treatment at both tested concentrations under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. <b>Conclusions:</b> Brazilian green propolis may serve as a potential immunomodulator in combination therapies for gliomas of varying malignancy grades.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/3/389propolisartepillin Ccytokinenormoxiahypoxiaglioma cells |
| spellingShingle | Małgorzata Kłósek Anna Kurek-Górecka Radosław Balwierz Grażyna Pietsz Zenon P. Czuba The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions Pharmaceuticals propolis artepillin C cytokine normoxia hypoxia glioma cells |
| title | The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
| title_full | The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
| title_short | The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis and Artepillin C on Cytokine Secretion by Stage IV Glioma Cells Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
| title_sort | effect of ethanolic extract of brazilian green propolis and artepillin c on cytokine secretion by stage iv glioma cells under hypoxic and normoxic conditions |
| topic | propolis artepillin C cytokine normoxia hypoxia glioma cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/3/389 |
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