Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocomposite
Abstract Heavy metals in agricultural soil are hazardous to the environment and human beings. So, the current study was hypothesized that Trichoderma harzianum maize biochar (MBT), and maize biochar zinc oxide nanocomposite (MB-ZnO) could effectively stabilize Cd and Cu in a polluted soil and evalua...
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BMC
2025-06-01
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| Series: | BMC Plant Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06717-1 |
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| author | Asif kamal Moona Nazish Mahnoor Akbar Qaiser Hussain Munazza Yousra Urooj Haroon Namra Ausaf Jawaher Alkahtani Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis |
| author_facet | Asif kamal Moona Nazish Mahnoor Akbar Qaiser Hussain Munazza Yousra Urooj Haroon Namra Ausaf Jawaher Alkahtani Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis |
| author_sort | Asif kamal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Heavy metals in agricultural soil are hazardous to the environment and human beings. So, the current study was hypothesized that Trichoderma harzianum maize biochar (MBT), and maize biochar zinc oxide nanocomposite (MB-ZnO) could effectively stabilize Cd and Cu in a polluted soil and evaluate their synergistic effects on Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth. The biochar zinc oxide nanocomposite and T. harzianum loaded biochar were systematically characterized before applications. In this study, both types of engineered biochar (MB-ZnO nanocomposite and MBT) were applied to influence the growth of S. sesban. These plants were sprayed with various doses (0, 50, 75, 100 mg/L) of MB-ZnO nanocomposite and 2.0% (w/w) MBT. Foliar application of 100 mg/L MB-ZnO nanocomposite clearly reduced Cd and Cu content in the shoots of S. sesban by 30% and 31%, respectively. The combined application of MB-ZnO increased SOD (33.33%), and POD (37.5%) at the concentration of 100 mg /L. Co-applied application of MB-ZnO nanocomposite and MBT diminished Cd and Cu content by 39% and 38%, respectively, and increased soil pH (8.03 to 8.23). Conclusive findings of this study established that the application of the engineered biochar (MB-ZnO nanocomposite and MBT) is an environment-friendly and efficient way to immobilize toxic metals from the soil and improve the physiological, biochemical, anatomical, and antioxidant enzyme activities of the S. sesban plant. Graphical Abstract Schematic depiction of complete experiment |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a6eea3f3b58f42bfa93843c0c502399a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1471-2229 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Plant Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-a6eea3f3b58f42bfa93843c0c502399a2025-08-20T02:31:04ZengBMCBMC Plant Biology1471-22292025-06-0125112010.1186/s12870-025-06717-1Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocompositeAsif kamal0Moona Nazish1Mahnoor Akbar2Qaiser Hussain3Munazza Yousra4Urooj Haroon5Namra Ausaf6Jawaher Alkahtani7Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis8Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityDepartment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversitySchool of Environment and Natural Sciences, University of BangorInstitute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture UniversityLand Resources Research Institute, National Agriculture Research Center (NARC)Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityDepartment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityAbstract Heavy metals in agricultural soil are hazardous to the environment and human beings. So, the current study was hypothesized that Trichoderma harzianum maize biochar (MBT), and maize biochar zinc oxide nanocomposite (MB-ZnO) could effectively stabilize Cd and Cu in a polluted soil and evaluate their synergistic effects on Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth. The biochar zinc oxide nanocomposite and T. harzianum loaded biochar were systematically characterized before applications. In this study, both types of engineered biochar (MB-ZnO nanocomposite and MBT) were applied to influence the growth of S. sesban. These plants were sprayed with various doses (0, 50, 75, 100 mg/L) of MB-ZnO nanocomposite and 2.0% (w/w) MBT. Foliar application of 100 mg/L MB-ZnO nanocomposite clearly reduced Cd and Cu content in the shoots of S. sesban by 30% and 31%, respectively. The combined application of MB-ZnO increased SOD (33.33%), and POD (37.5%) at the concentration of 100 mg /L. Co-applied application of MB-ZnO nanocomposite and MBT diminished Cd and Cu content by 39% and 38%, respectively, and increased soil pH (8.03 to 8.23). Conclusive findings of this study established that the application of the engineered biochar (MB-ZnO nanocomposite and MBT) is an environment-friendly and efficient way to immobilize toxic metals from the soil and improve the physiological, biochemical, anatomical, and antioxidant enzyme activities of the S. sesban plant. Graphical Abstract Schematic depiction of complete experimenthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06717-1Trichoderma loaded biocharMB-ZnO nanocompositeSustainable agricultureMetal immobilizationPlant growth |
| spellingShingle | Asif kamal Moona Nazish Mahnoor Akbar Qaiser Hussain Munazza Yousra Urooj Haroon Namra Ausaf Jawaher Alkahtani Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocomposite BMC Plant Biology Trichoderma loaded biochar MB-ZnO nanocomposite Sustainable agriculture Metal immobilization Plant growth |
| title | Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocomposite |
| title_full | Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocomposite |
| title_fullStr | Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocomposite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocomposite |
| title_short | Enhancing Sesbania sesban L. (Merr.) growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar-zinc oxide nanocomposite |
| title_sort | enhancing sesbania sesban l merr growth and metal resilience by synergistic application of trichoderma harzianum loaded biochar and biochar zinc oxide nanocomposite |
| topic | Trichoderma loaded biochar MB-ZnO nanocomposite Sustainable agriculture Metal immobilization Plant growth |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06717-1 |
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