Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A Review
Marine microalgae are emerging as promising sources of polyphenols, renowned for their health-promoting benefits. Recovering polyphenols from microalgae requires suitable treatment and extraction techniques to ensure their release from the biomass and analytical methodologies to assess their efficie...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/12/538 |
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| author | Gabriela Bermudez Cristina Terenzi Francesca Medri Vincenza Andrisano Serena Montanari |
| author_facet | Gabriela Bermudez Cristina Terenzi Francesca Medri Vincenza Andrisano Serena Montanari |
| author_sort | Gabriela Bermudez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Marine microalgae are emerging as promising sources of polyphenols, renowned for their health-promoting benefits. Recovering polyphenols from microalgae requires suitable treatment and extraction techniques to ensure their release from the biomass and analytical methodologies to assess their efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of traditional and cutting-edge extraction and analytical procedures applied for polyphenolic characterization in marine microalgae over the past 26 years, with a unique perspective on optimizing their recovery and identification. It addresses (I) cell disruption techniques, including bead milling, high-speed homogenization, pulsed electric field, ultrasonication, microwave, freeze-thawing, and enzymatic/chemical hydrolysis; (II) extraction techniques, such as solid–liquid extraction, ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>; (III) analytical methods, including total phenolic and flavonoid content assays and advanced chromatographic techniques like GC-MS, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-MS. Key findings showed bead milling and chemical hydrolysis as effective cell disruption techniques, pressurized-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction as promising efficient extraction methods, and HPLC-MS as the finest alternative for precise phenolic characterization. Unlike previous reviews, this study uniquely integrates both extractive and analytical approaches in one work, focusing exclusively on marine microalgae, a relatively underexplored area compared to freshwater species, offering actionable insights to guide future research and industrial applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a6ea51acc3c84671a4aa4b6bec5a26f5 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj-art-a6ea51acc3c84671a4aa4b6bec5a26f52025-08-20T02:00:47ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972024-11-01221253810.3390/md22120538Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A ReviewGabriela Bermudez0Cristina Terenzi1Francesca Medri2Vincenza Andrisano3Serena Montanari4Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, ItalyDepartment for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, ItalyDepartment for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, ItalyDepartment for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, ItalyDepartment for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, ItalyMarine microalgae are emerging as promising sources of polyphenols, renowned for their health-promoting benefits. Recovering polyphenols from microalgae requires suitable treatment and extraction techniques to ensure their release from the biomass and analytical methodologies to assess their efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of traditional and cutting-edge extraction and analytical procedures applied for polyphenolic characterization in marine microalgae over the past 26 years, with a unique perspective on optimizing their recovery and identification. It addresses (I) cell disruption techniques, including bead milling, high-speed homogenization, pulsed electric field, ultrasonication, microwave, freeze-thawing, and enzymatic/chemical hydrolysis; (II) extraction techniques, such as solid–liquid extraction, ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized-liquid extraction, and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>; (III) analytical methods, including total phenolic and flavonoid content assays and advanced chromatographic techniques like GC-MS, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-MS. Key findings showed bead milling and chemical hydrolysis as effective cell disruption techniques, pressurized-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction as promising efficient extraction methods, and HPLC-MS as the finest alternative for precise phenolic characterization. Unlike previous reviews, this study uniquely integrates both extractive and analytical approaches in one work, focusing exclusively on marine microalgae, a relatively underexplored area compared to freshwater species, offering actionable insights to guide future research and industrial applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/12/538marine microalgaepolyphenolsextractioncell disruptionultrasoundsHPLC |
| spellingShingle | Gabriela Bermudez Cristina Terenzi Francesca Medri Vincenza Andrisano Serena Montanari Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A Review Marine Drugs marine microalgae polyphenols extraction cell disruption ultrasounds HPLC |
| title | Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A Review |
| title_full | Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A Review |
| title_short | Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Polyphenols in Marine Microalgae: A Review |
| title_sort | extraction and analytical methods for the characterization of polyphenols in marine microalgae a review |
| topic | marine microalgae polyphenols extraction cell disruption ultrasounds HPLC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/12/538 |
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