Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption

Abstract Electric light-duty vehicle sales are increasing, but adoption is not uniform. Forecasting who is adopting and when is crucial to planning infrastructure, creating incentives, and ensuring equity. We identify different clusters of adopters in California, examine adoption rates within them,...

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Main Authors: Trisha V. Ramadoss, Jae Hyun Lee, Adam Wilkinson Davis, Scott Hardman, Gil Tal
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s44333-025-00049-1
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author Trisha V. Ramadoss
Jae Hyun Lee
Adam Wilkinson Davis
Scott Hardman
Gil Tal
author_facet Trisha V. Ramadoss
Jae Hyun Lee
Adam Wilkinson Davis
Scott Hardman
Gil Tal
author_sort Trisha V. Ramadoss
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Electric light-duty vehicle sales are increasing, but adoption is not uniform. Forecasting who is adopting and when is crucial to planning infrastructure, creating incentives, and ensuring equity. We identify different clusters of adopters in California, examine adoption rates within them, and forecast adoption trajectories. Clusters are classified by revealed characteristics using results from a multi-year survey of 18,921 plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) adopters. Eight clusters are identified: four each among single-vehicle and multi-vehicle households. We classify the population into these segments and simulate future PEV adoption using Bass diffusion. We compare adoption trajectories—assuming current rates of adoption, a scenario of 100% new vehicle sales by 2035, and a scenario of “net zero” by 2045. Our analysis finds large clusters with low to-date PEV adoption, encompassing 47% of the population, and results reveal some clusters are not on track to meet California sales targets and/or climate goals.
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spelling doaj-art-a66d3c6d511146bab0fa291e443b6f2b2025-08-20T03:43:36ZengNature Portfolionpj Sustainable Mobility and Transport3004-86642025-07-012111510.1038/s44333-025-00049-1Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoptionTrisha V. Ramadoss0Jae Hyun Lee1Adam Wilkinson Davis2Scott Hardman3Gil Tal4Electric Vehicle Research Center, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, DavisDepartment of Geography, Kyungpook National UniversityElectric Vehicle Research Center, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, DavisElectric Vehicle Research Center, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, DavisElectric Vehicle Research Center, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, DavisAbstract Electric light-duty vehicle sales are increasing, but adoption is not uniform. Forecasting who is adopting and when is crucial to planning infrastructure, creating incentives, and ensuring equity. We identify different clusters of adopters in California, examine adoption rates within them, and forecast adoption trajectories. Clusters are classified by revealed characteristics using results from a multi-year survey of 18,921 plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) adopters. Eight clusters are identified: four each among single-vehicle and multi-vehicle households. We classify the population into these segments and simulate future PEV adoption using Bass diffusion. We compare adoption trajectories—assuming current rates of adoption, a scenario of 100% new vehicle sales by 2035, and a scenario of “net zero” by 2045. Our analysis finds large clusters with low to-date PEV adoption, encompassing 47% of the population, and results reveal some clusters are not on track to meet California sales targets and/or climate goals.https://doi.org/10.1038/s44333-025-00049-1
spellingShingle Trisha V. Ramadoss
Jae Hyun Lee
Adam Wilkinson Davis
Scott Hardman
Gil Tal
Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption
npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
title Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption
title_full Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption
title_fullStr Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption
title_full_unstemmed Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption
title_short Classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption
title_sort classifying electric vehicle adopters and forecasting progress to full adoption
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s44333-025-00049-1
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