Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches

Introduction: Extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of the Salmonella lineages have been reported to spread from Africa to South Asia. XDR strains are resistant to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin, resulting in treatment failure. The objectives of this study incl...

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Main Authors: Noor ul Huda, Muhammad Sohail, Zulfiqar Ali Mirani, Qurat ul Ain Hyder, Saeed Khan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2024-02-01
Series:Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
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Online Access:https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/18289
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author Noor ul Huda
Muhammad Sohail
Zulfiqar Ali Mirani
Qurat ul Ain Hyder
Saeed Khan
author_facet Noor ul Huda
Muhammad Sohail
Zulfiqar Ali Mirani
Qurat ul Ain Hyder
Saeed Khan
author_sort Noor ul Huda
collection DOAJ
description Introduction: Extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of the Salmonella lineages have been reported to spread from Africa to South Asia. XDR strains are resistant to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin, resulting in treatment failure. The objectives of this study included the investigation of transmission of S. Typhi lineages and the identification of the potentially contaminated sources of the XDR typhoid outbreak from different urban areas by using molecular techniques. Methodology: Environmental samples, including food samples, were collected from different towns and the susceptibility of each isolate to the antimicrobial agents was examined. Molecular identification of different Salmonella lineages including S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, H58, and XDR was carried out through multiplex PCR. Results and Conclusions: A total of 328 environmental samples including raw vegetables, water, and bakery items were collected. More than half of the tested samples (64%) found harboring Salmonella spp. The Salmonella was confirmed through PCR amplification of species-specific markers that showed the presence of S. Typhi (40%), S. Paratyphi A (8%), H58 (7%), and XDR S. Typhi (6%). Raw vegetables had the highest number of Salmonella spp., indicating consumption of raw vegetables as a possible source of salmonellosis. XDR status was also affirmed through phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
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publishDate 2024-02-01
publisher The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
record_format Article
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spelling doaj-art-a649220f0f7d4da4b9c8709e95bae56d2025-08-20T02:27:19ZengThe Journal of Infection in Developing CountriesJournal of Infection in Developing Countries1972-26802024-02-01180210.3855/jidc.18289Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approachesNoor ul Huda0Muhammad Sohail1Zulfiqar Ali Mirani2Qurat ul Ain Hyder3Saeed Khan4Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, PakistanFood and Marine Resources Research Centre, Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Karachi-75280, PakistanDepartment of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Introduction: Extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of the Salmonella lineages have been reported to spread from Africa to South Asia. XDR strains are resistant to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin, resulting in treatment failure. The objectives of this study included the investigation of transmission of S. Typhi lineages and the identification of the potentially contaminated sources of the XDR typhoid outbreak from different urban areas by using molecular techniques. Methodology: Environmental samples, including food samples, were collected from different towns and the susceptibility of each isolate to the antimicrobial agents was examined. Molecular identification of different Salmonella lineages including S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, H58, and XDR was carried out through multiplex PCR. Results and Conclusions: A total of 328 environmental samples including raw vegetables, water, and bakery items were collected. More than half of the tested samples (64%) found harboring Salmonella spp. The Salmonella was confirmed through PCR amplification of species-specific markers that showed the presence of S. Typhi (40%), S. Paratyphi A (8%), H58 (7%), and XDR S. Typhi (6%). Raw vegetables had the highest number of Salmonella spp., indicating consumption of raw vegetables as a possible source of salmonellosis. XDR status was also affirmed through phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing. https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/18289Antimicrobial susceptibilitydrug resistancefood-borne infectionssalmonellosis
spellingShingle Noor ul Huda
Muhammad Sohail
Zulfiqar Ali Mirani
Qurat ul Ain Hyder
Saeed Khan
Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches
Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
Antimicrobial susceptibility
drug resistance
food-borne infections
salmonellosis
title Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches
title_full Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches
title_fullStr Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches
title_full_unstemmed Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches
title_short Source tracking of extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches
title_sort source tracking of extensively drug resistant salmonella typhi in food and raw vegetables using molecular approaches
topic Antimicrobial susceptibility
drug resistance
food-borne infections
salmonellosis
url https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/18289
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AT zulfiqaralimirani sourcetrackingofextensivelydrugresistantsalmonellatyphiinfoodandrawvegetablesusingmolecularapproaches
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