Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy Transport
Observations have revealed unique temperature profiles in hot Jupiter atmospheres. We propose that the energy transport by vertical mixing could lead to such thermal features. In our new scenario, strong absorbers, TiO, and VO are not necessary. Vertical mixing could be naturally excited by atmosphe...
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IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9473 |
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| author | Wei Zhong Zhen-Tai Zhang Hui-Sheng Zhong Bo Ma Xianyu Tan Cong Yu |
| author_facet | Wei Zhong Zhen-Tai Zhang Hui-Sheng Zhong Bo Ma Xianyu Tan Cong Yu |
| author_sort | Wei Zhong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Observations have revealed unique temperature profiles in hot Jupiter atmospheres. We propose that the energy transport by vertical mixing could lead to such thermal features. In our new scenario, strong absorbers, TiO, and VO are not necessary. Vertical mixing could be naturally excited by atmospheric circulation or internal gravity wave breaking. We perform radiative transfer calculations by taking into account the vertical-mixing-driven energy transport. The radiative equilibrium is replaced by the radiative-mixing equilibrium. We investigate how the mixing strength, K _zz , affects the atmospheric temperature–pressure profile. Strong mixing can heat the lower atmosphere and cool the upper atmosphere. This effect has important effects on the atmosphere's thermal features that would form without mixing. In certain circumstances, it can induce temperature inversions in scenarios where the temperature monotonically increases with increasing pressure under conditions of lower thermal band opacity. Temperature inversions show up as K _zz increases with altitude due to shear interaction with the convection layer. The atmospheric thermal structure of HD 209458b can be well fitted with K _zz ∝ ( P /1 bar) ^−1/2 cm ^2 s ^−1 . Our findings suggest vertical mixing promotes temperature inversions and lowers K _zz estimates compared to prior studies. Incorporating chemical species into vertical mixing will significantly affect the thermal profile due to their temperature sensitivity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a6265d9ae59b46a59ec3c70647d93bc2 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-a6265d9ae59b46a59ec3c70647d93bc22025-08-20T02:52:12ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-019781410.3847/1538-4357/ad9473Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy TransportWei Zhong0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-7207Zhen-Tai Zhang1https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1986-2185Hui-Sheng Zhong2https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9413-9840Bo Ma3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0378-2023Xianyu Tan4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2278-6932Cong Yu5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-7890School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China ; yucong@mail.sysu.edu.cn; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China ; yucong@mail.sysu.edu.cn; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China ; yucong@mail.sysu.edu.cn; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China ; yucong@mail.sysu.edu.cn; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China ; yucong@mail.sysu.edu.cn; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau, People’s Republic of ChinaObservations have revealed unique temperature profiles in hot Jupiter atmospheres. We propose that the energy transport by vertical mixing could lead to such thermal features. In our new scenario, strong absorbers, TiO, and VO are not necessary. Vertical mixing could be naturally excited by atmospheric circulation or internal gravity wave breaking. We perform radiative transfer calculations by taking into account the vertical-mixing-driven energy transport. The radiative equilibrium is replaced by the radiative-mixing equilibrium. We investigate how the mixing strength, K _zz , affects the atmospheric temperature–pressure profile. Strong mixing can heat the lower atmosphere and cool the upper atmosphere. This effect has important effects on the atmosphere's thermal features that would form without mixing. In certain circumstances, it can induce temperature inversions in scenarios where the temperature monotonically increases with increasing pressure under conditions of lower thermal band opacity. Temperature inversions show up as K _zz increases with altitude due to shear interaction with the convection layer. The atmospheric thermal structure of HD 209458b can be well fitted with K _zz ∝ ( P /1 bar) ^−1/2 cm ^2 s ^−1 . Our findings suggest vertical mixing promotes temperature inversions and lowers K _zz estimates compared to prior studies. Incorporating chemical species into vertical mixing will significantly affect the thermal profile due to their temperature sensitivity.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9473Exoplanet atmospheresAtmospheric structureRadiative transfer simulationsRadiative transfer equation |
| spellingShingle | Wei Zhong Zhen-Tai Zhang Hui-Sheng Zhong Bo Ma Xianyu Tan Cong Yu Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy Transport The Astrophysical Journal Exoplanet atmospheres Atmospheric structure Radiative transfer simulations Radiative transfer equation |
| title | Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy Transport |
| title_full | Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy Transport |
| title_fullStr | Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy Transport |
| title_full_unstemmed | Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy Transport |
| title_short | Irradiated Atmospheres. I. Heating by Vertical-mixing-induced Energy Transport |
| title_sort | irradiated atmospheres i heating by vertical mixing induced energy transport |
| topic | Exoplanet atmospheres Atmospheric structure Radiative transfer simulations Radiative transfer equation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9473 |
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