A novel 3D hemispherical reconfigurable antenna with a switchable radiation pattern using Butler matrix
Abstract In this paper, we present a compact three-dimensional hemispherical reconfigurable antenna system designed for 5G networks operating around 3.6 GHz. The proposed architecture combines a four-element Vivaldi antenna array with a passive $$4\times 4$$ Butler matrix to enable electronically sw...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14298-0 |
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| Summary: | Abstract In this paper, we present a compact three-dimensional hemispherical reconfigurable antenna system designed for 5G networks operating around 3.6 GHz. The proposed architecture combines a four-element Vivaldi antenna array with a passive $$4\times 4$$ Butler matrix to enable electronically switchable beams in three main directions: upward, rightward, and backward. Beam steering is achieved through a simple PIN diode switching network, eliminating the need for active phase control. Experimental measurements and full-wave simulations confirm consistent directivity and wide angular coverage, with an elevation coverage of approximately $$115^\circ$$ in the upper hemisphere and an azimuthal coverage of about $$227^\circ$$ in the XY-plane. These results underscore the system’s suitability for dynamic wireless communication environments. |
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| ISSN: | 2045-2322 |