Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes
Türkiye, a country that suffers significant structural damage from earthquakes, was struck by two major quakes on 6 February 2023, centered in Pazarcık (M<sub>w</sub> = 7.7) and Elbistan (M<sub>w</sub> = 7.6) in Kahramanmaraş. These earthquakes caused extensive damage and des...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Ercan Işık Dorin Radu Ehsan Harirchian Fatih Avcil Enes Arkan Aydın Büyüksaraç Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko |
| author_facet | Ercan Işık Dorin Radu Ehsan Harirchian Fatih Avcil Enes Arkan Aydın Büyüksaraç Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko |
| author_sort | Ercan Işık |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Türkiye, a country that suffers significant structural damage from earthquakes, was struck by two major quakes on 6 February 2023, centered in Pazarcık (M<sub>w</sub> = 7.7) and Elbistan (M<sub>w</sub> = 7.6) in Kahramanmaraş. These earthquakes caused extensive damage and destruction to urban concrete structures, significantly contributing to the loss of life. Inadequate designs in columns, which are meant to maintain structural integrity and transfer forces, were a primary cause of the structural damage. This study provides information about these catastrophic earthquakes, focusing on the detailed examination of damages in reinforced-concrete (RC) columns. Structural analyses were conducted on a selected RC building, taking into account the primary causes of column damage: low-strength concrete and insufficient transverse reinforcement. Five different concrete classes and two transverse reinforcement spacing options were considered to analyze the impact of concrete strength. To address the exceeded shear forces in the columns, a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping method was employed for strengthening. Initially, a reinforcement analysis was performed on a single column that exceeded shear force limits, followed by strengthening applications on all columns exceeding the limit shear force. The results demonstrated that carbon fibers have a significant impact on the shear forces in columns. The conclusion of the research is that FRP increases the ductility of concrete columns, enabling them to withstand seismic forces more effectively. This is vital in ensuring the integrity of structures in earthquake-prone areas. Using FRP materials can also significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete construction by minimizing the need for maintenance and extending the lifespan of structures. FRP presents a sustainable and effective solution for addressing failures in reinforced concrete columns. Its unique properties not only enhance strength and durability but also significantly improve the resilience of structures against corrosion, seismic events, and overload conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a617a7beec844b3c9738afbd53ce4b01 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2075-5309 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Buildings |
| spelling | doaj-art-a617a7beec844b3c9738afbd53ce4b012025-08-20T02:59:08ZengMDPI AGBuildings2075-53092025-05-01159153510.3390/buildings15091535Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş EarthquakesErcan Işık0Dorin Radu1Ehsan Harirchian2Fatih Avcil3Enes Arkan4Aydın Büyüksaraç5Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko6Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University, Bitlis 13100, TürkiyeFaculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500152 Brasov, RomaniaInstitute of Structural Mechanics (ISM), Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, 99423 Weimar, GermanyDepartment of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University, Bitlis 13100, TürkiyeDepartment of Architecture, Bitlis Eren University, Bitlis 13100, TürkiyeÇan Vocational School, Çanakkale 18 Mart University, Çanakkale 17400, TürkiyeFaculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaTürkiye, a country that suffers significant structural damage from earthquakes, was struck by two major quakes on 6 February 2023, centered in Pazarcık (M<sub>w</sub> = 7.7) and Elbistan (M<sub>w</sub> = 7.6) in Kahramanmaraş. These earthquakes caused extensive damage and destruction to urban concrete structures, significantly contributing to the loss of life. Inadequate designs in columns, which are meant to maintain structural integrity and transfer forces, were a primary cause of the structural damage. This study provides information about these catastrophic earthquakes, focusing on the detailed examination of damages in reinforced-concrete (RC) columns. Structural analyses were conducted on a selected RC building, taking into account the primary causes of column damage: low-strength concrete and insufficient transverse reinforcement. Five different concrete classes and two transverse reinforcement spacing options were considered to analyze the impact of concrete strength. To address the exceeded shear forces in the columns, a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping method was employed for strengthening. Initially, a reinforcement analysis was performed on a single column that exceeded shear force limits, followed by strengthening applications on all columns exceeding the limit shear force. The results demonstrated that carbon fibers have a significant impact on the shear forces in columns. The conclusion of the research is that FRP increases the ductility of concrete columns, enabling them to withstand seismic forces more effectively. This is vital in ensuring the integrity of structures in earthquake-prone areas. Using FRP materials can also significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete construction by minimizing the need for maintenance and extending the lifespan of structures. FRP presents a sustainable and effective solution for addressing failures in reinforced concrete columns. Its unique properties not only enhance strength and durability but also significantly improve the resilience of structures against corrosion, seismic events, and overload conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/9/1535RC columndamageshearreinforcementFRP |
| spellingShingle | Ercan Işık Dorin Radu Ehsan Harirchian Fatih Avcil Enes Arkan Aydın Büyüksaraç Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes Buildings RC column damage shear reinforcement FRP |
| title | Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes |
| title_full | Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes |
| title_fullStr | Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes |
| title_short | Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes |
| title_sort | failures in reinforced concrete columns and proposals for reinforcement solutions insights from the 2023 kahramanmaras earthquakes |
| topic | RC column damage shear reinforcement FRP |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/9/1535 |
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