Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology
Batch heterogeneous catalytic ozonation experiments were performed using commercial and synthesized nanoparticles as catalysts in aqueous ozone. The transferred ozone dose (TOD) ranged from 0 to 150 μM, and nanoparticles were added in concentrations between 0 and 1.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, wi...
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2024-10-01
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| author | Nikoletta Tsiarta Wolfgang Gernjak Hrvoje Cajner Gordana Matijašić Lidija Ćurković |
| author_facet | Nikoletta Tsiarta Wolfgang Gernjak Hrvoje Cajner Gordana Matijašić Lidija Ćurković |
| author_sort | Nikoletta Tsiarta |
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| description | Batch heterogeneous catalytic ozonation experiments were performed using commercial and synthesized nanoparticles as catalysts in aqueous ozone. The transferred ozone dose (TOD) ranged from 0 to 150 μM, and nanoparticles were added in concentrations between 0 and 1.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, with all experiments conducted at 20 °C and a total volume of 240 mL. A Ce-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst (1% molar ratio of Ce/Ti) was synthesized via the sol–gel method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to identify the most significant factors affecting the removal of selected pharmaceuticals, with TOD emerging as the most critical variable. Higher TOD resulted in greater removal efficiencies. Furthermore, it was found that the commercially available metal oxides α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and CeO<sub>2</sub>, as well as the synthesized CeTiO<sub>x</sub>, did not increase the catalytic activity of ozone during the degradation of ibuprofen (IBF) and para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA). Carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF) are compounds susceptible to ozone oxidation, thus their complete degradation at 150 μM transferred ozone dose was attained. The limited catalytic effect was attributed to the rapid consumption of ozone within the first minute of reaction, as well as the saturation of catalyst active sites by water molecules, which inhibited effective ozone adsorption and subsequent hydroxyl radical generation (<sup>●</sup>OH). |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
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| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj-art-a604d03811044bb3b46957bede4c50c22025-08-20T02:13:19ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912024-10-011421174710.3390/nano14211747Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface MethodologyNikoletta Tsiarta0Wolfgang Gernjak1Hrvoje Cajner2Gordana Matijašić3Lidija Ćurković4Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA)-CERCA, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, SpainCatalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA)-CERCA, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, SpainFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10002 Zagreb, CroatiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10002 Zagreb, CroatiaBatch heterogeneous catalytic ozonation experiments were performed using commercial and synthesized nanoparticles as catalysts in aqueous ozone. The transferred ozone dose (TOD) ranged from 0 to 150 μM, and nanoparticles were added in concentrations between 0 and 1.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, with all experiments conducted at 20 °C and a total volume of 240 mL. A Ce-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst (1% molar ratio of Ce/Ti) was synthesized via the sol–gel method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to identify the most significant factors affecting the removal of selected pharmaceuticals, with TOD emerging as the most critical variable. Higher TOD resulted in greater removal efficiencies. Furthermore, it was found that the commercially available metal oxides α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and CeO<sub>2</sub>, as well as the synthesized CeTiO<sub>x</sub>, did not increase the catalytic activity of ozone during the degradation of ibuprofen (IBF) and para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA). Carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF) are compounds susceptible to ozone oxidation, thus their complete degradation at 150 μM transferred ozone dose was attained. The limited catalytic effect was attributed to the rapid consumption of ozone within the first minute of reaction, as well as the saturation of catalyst active sites by water molecules, which inhibited effective ozone adsorption and subsequent hydroxyl radical generation (<sup>●</sup>OH).https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/21/1747heterogeneous catalytic ozonationpharmaceuticalshydroxyl radicalsresponse surface methodology |
| spellingShingle | Nikoletta Tsiarta Wolfgang Gernjak Hrvoje Cajner Gordana Matijašić Lidija Ćurković Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology Nanomaterials heterogeneous catalytic ozonation pharmaceuticals hydroxyl radicals response surface methodology |
| title | Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology |
| title_full | Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology |
| title_fullStr | Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology |
| title_short | Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology |
| title_sort | heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of pharmaceuticals optimization of the process by response surface methodology |
| topic | heterogeneous catalytic ozonation pharmaceuticals hydroxyl radicals response surface methodology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/21/1747 |
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