Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of Biodiesel
In current times, the diminishing reserves of petroleum, increased energy consumption across various sectors, and their consequential environmental impact have become apparent. Consequently, it is necessary to develop sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources to meet growing demands. The article a...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Hamid Ayyub Muhammad Arslan Muhammad Jamshaid Akbar Ali Qureshi Arslan Ahmed Haji Hassan Masjuki Md. Abul Kalam Farah Binti Ahmad Hafiz Liaqat Ali Muhammad Umair Ahsan Khan Muhammad Umer Khallidoon |
| author_facet | Hamid Ayyub Muhammad Arslan Muhammad Jamshaid Akbar Ali Qureshi Arslan Ahmed Haji Hassan Masjuki Md. Abul Kalam Farah Binti Ahmad Hafiz Liaqat Ali Muhammad Umair Ahsan Khan Muhammad Umer Khallidoon |
| author_sort | Hamid Ayyub |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In current times, the diminishing reserves of petroleum, increased energy consumption across various sectors, and their consequential environmental impact have become apparent. Consequently, it is necessary to develop sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources to meet growing demands. The article aimed to blend castor and neem oils (in a 50:50 ratio) to rectify the drawbacks present in castor biodiesel such as elevated kinematic viscosity and density. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimization of the two-step biodiesel production process through the use of a central composite design (CCD). For the esterification step, a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7.5:1, 1.75 wt.% of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and a temperature of 55 °C were optimal. In the transesterification step, optimized conditions included a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, 2.50 wt.% of calcium oxide, a temperature of 55 °C, and a stirring speed of 900 rpm, resulting in a 93% yield of methyl ester. Different properties of produced biodiesel were examined using the standard values provided by EN 14214 and ASTM D6751. The production of biodiesel from a mixture of castor and neem oils did not have any adverse impacts on food security. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a5d1e5dc0143498aa4bc241b73ffccdb |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2673-3994 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fuels |
| spelling | doaj-art-a5d1e5dc0143498aa4bc241b73ffccdb2025-08-20T02:53:37ZengMDPI AGFuels2673-39942024-11-015478280210.3390/fuels5040043Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of BiodieselHamid Ayyub0Muhammad Arslan1Muhammad Jamshaid2Akbar Ali Qureshi3Arslan Ahmed4Haji Hassan Masjuki5Md. Abul Kalam6Farah Binti Ahmad7Hafiz Liaqat Ali8Muhammad Umair Ahsan Khan9Muhammad Umer Khallidoon10Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus 46000, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, AustraliaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, PakistanIn current times, the diminishing reserves of petroleum, increased energy consumption across various sectors, and their consequential environmental impact have become apparent. Consequently, it is necessary to develop sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources to meet growing demands. The article aimed to blend castor and neem oils (in a 50:50 ratio) to rectify the drawbacks present in castor biodiesel such as elevated kinematic viscosity and density. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimization of the two-step biodiesel production process through the use of a central composite design (CCD). For the esterification step, a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7.5:1, 1.75 wt.% of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and a temperature of 55 °C were optimal. In the transesterification step, optimized conditions included a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, 2.50 wt.% of calcium oxide, a temperature of 55 °C, and a stirring speed of 900 rpm, resulting in a 93% yield of methyl ester. Different properties of produced biodiesel were examined using the standard values provided by EN 14214 and ASTM D6751. The production of biodiesel from a mixture of castor and neem oils did not have any adverse impacts on food security.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/5/4/43esterificationtransesterificationresponse surface methodologybiodieselcastor oilneem oil |
| spellingShingle | Hamid Ayyub Muhammad Arslan Muhammad Jamshaid Akbar Ali Qureshi Arslan Ahmed Haji Hassan Masjuki Md. Abul Kalam Farah Binti Ahmad Hafiz Liaqat Ali Muhammad Umair Ahsan Khan Muhammad Umer Khallidoon Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of Biodiesel Fuels esterification transesterification response surface methodology biodiesel castor oil neem oil |
| title | Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of Biodiesel |
| title_full | Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of Biodiesel |
| title_fullStr | Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of Biodiesel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of Biodiesel |
| title_short | Esterification and Transesterification Optimization Processes of Nonedible (Castor and Neem) Oils for the Production of Biodiesel |
| title_sort | esterification and transesterification optimization processes of nonedible castor and neem oils for the production of biodiesel |
| topic | esterification transesterification response surface methodology biodiesel castor oil neem oil |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/5/4/43 |
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