Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F Antennas
The electromagnetic wave radiation toward human heads has gained attention due to a large number of mobile phone usage, especially concerning the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which is commonly used in these devices. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the radiation from mobile phones util...
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| author | Nurul Inshirah Mohd Razali Norhudah Seman Nor Aishah Muhammad |
| author_facet | Nurul Inshirah Mohd Razali Norhudah Seman Nor Aishah Muhammad |
| author_sort | Nurul Inshirah Mohd Razali |
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| description | The electromagnetic wave radiation toward human heads has gained attention due to a large number of mobile phone usage, especially concerning the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which is commonly used in these devices. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the radiation from mobile phones utilizing PIFA across mobile operating frequencies. Hence, this article investigates the specific absorption rate (SAR) of a rectangular-shaped planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) at frequencies ranging from 0.835 GHz to 2.6 GHz. These PIFAs are implemented as the radiation source to investigate the SAR at the concerned mobile operating frequencies through simulation and measurement focusing on various input power, antenna gain, and antenna maximum permissible input power for SAR compliance. The PIFA is placed at a distance of 10 mm from the human head phantom in the investigation. The results show that operating frequency is not a primary factor influencing the level of SAR on PIFA, as highlighted in the previous works. However, it is noted that the SAR of PIFA is proportional to the input power and volume of mass tissue. Higher input power leads to a higher SAR value as more radiated energy is absorbed by the human head, while the lower mass of tissue results in the higher SAR due to the higher concentration of power absorption for the smaller tissue mass. Furthermore, a key finding reveals that the SAR of PIFA follows the same trend as its gain. The increment of gain enhances the radiation efficiency of the antenna, which subsequently increases the absorption level within the human head, leading to a higher SAR. In order to comply with the standard limit, the PIFA's maximum permissible input power also follows the trend of antenna gain, with 1 g of mass tissue needing a lower maximum permissible input power compared to 10 g of mass tissue. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a59d01dbe5b040e6bc8114bd2600b0bd |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-a59d01dbe5b040e6bc8114bd2600b0bd2025-08-20T02:17:29ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-06-012610489710.1016/j.rineng.2025.104897Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F AntennasNurul Inshirah Mohd Razali0Norhudah Seman1Nor Aishah Muhammad2Wireless Communication Center, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaWireless Communication Center, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Corresponding author.Telecommunication Software and System (TeSS), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaThe electromagnetic wave radiation toward human heads has gained attention due to a large number of mobile phone usage, especially concerning the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which is commonly used in these devices. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the radiation from mobile phones utilizing PIFA across mobile operating frequencies. Hence, this article investigates the specific absorption rate (SAR) of a rectangular-shaped planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) at frequencies ranging from 0.835 GHz to 2.6 GHz. These PIFAs are implemented as the radiation source to investigate the SAR at the concerned mobile operating frequencies through simulation and measurement focusing on various input power, antenna gain, and antenna maximum permissible input power for SAR compliance. The PIFA is placed at a distance of 10 mm from the human head phantom in the investigation. The results show that operating frequency is not a primary factor influencing the level of SAR on PIFA, as highlighted in the previous works. However, it is noted that the SAR of PIFA is proportional to the input power and volume of mass tissue. Higher input power leads to a higher SAR value as more radiated energy is absorbed by the human head, while the lower mass of tissue results in the higher SAR due to the higher concentration of power absorption for the smaller tissue mass. Furthermore, a key finding reveals that the SAR of PIFA follows the same trend as its gain. The increment of gain enhances the radiation efficiency of the antenna, which subsequently increases the absorption level within the human head, leading to a higher SAR. In order to comply with the standard limit, the PIFA's maximum permissible input power also follows the trend of antenna gain, with 1 g of mass tissue needing a lower maximum permissible input power compared to 10 g of mass tissue.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025009739FrequencyGainMaximum Permissible Input PowerPlanar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA)Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) |
| spellingShingle | Nurul Inshirah Mohd Razali Norhudah Seman Nor Aishah Muhammad Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F Antennas Results in Engineering Frequency Gain Maximum Permissible Input Power Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) |
| title | Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F Antennas |
| title_full | Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F Antennas |
| title_fullStr | Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F Antennas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F Antennas |
| title_short | Specific Absorption Rate and Maximum Permissible Input Power of Planar Inverted-F Antennas |
| title_sort | specific absorption rate and maximum permissible input power of planar inverted f antennas |
| topic | Frequency Gain Maximum Permissible Input Power Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025009739 |
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