In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological Analysis
<b>Background:</b> Infectious diseases caused by bacteria are life-threating and are among the major causes of death in the world. Antibiotics have offered humans a new approach to infection control. Antibiotics are reckoned as the “magic bullets” for the fight against bacterial infectio...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Ewunkem Akamu Lydia Merrills Zahirah Williams Brittany Justice Uchenna Iloghalu Vera Williams Dinesh Singh |
| author_facet | Ewunkem Akamu Lydia Merrills Zahirah Williams Brittany Justice Uchenna Iloghalu Vera Williams Dinesh Singh |
| author_sort | Ewunkem Akamu |
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| description | <b>Background:</b> Infectious diseases caused by bacteria are life-threating and are among the major causes of death in the world. Antibiotics have offered humans a new approach to infection control. Antibiotics are reckoned as the “magic bullets” for the fight against bacterial infections, therefore increasing life expectancy and decreasing mortality and morbidity. However, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the persistent growth of resistant bacterial pathogens. New antimicrobial approaches against resistant pathogens are being examined. Mushrooms seem to be a promising, and possibly more efficient, alternative method to that of conventional antimicrobials. This work aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of ethanolic, aqueous, and dual solvent extracts of mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>. <b>Methods:</b> The antimicrobial studies were carried out by broth dilution against Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The present research work was also carried out to examine genomic changes associated with ethanolic, aqueous, and dual solvent extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i> in <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i>. <b>Results</b>: Our data quantitatively showed that all the extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i> were found to exhibit various degrees of antimicrobial effects against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i> where the ethanolic extract exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity. SEM images showed untreated cells with normal cell characteristics while, after treatment with extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i>, cells appeared damaged with irregular cell surfaces and cell wall defacement. The results of HPLC analysis showed that ethanolic and aqueous extract of <i>G. lucidum</i> consisted of beta[1-3] glucans, ganoderic acid, and triterpenoids. Genomic analysis identified selective sweeps in several genes associated with growth, biosynthesis transport, and stress. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study concludes that the extracts of three solvents of <i>G. lucidum</i> have antimicrobial activity against infectious bacteria causing morphological changes and the acquisition of mutations in genes. Therefore, the extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i> may be candidates for preventing infectious diseases in the future. <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> mushroom is therefore a reliable source of antimicrobial agent that can be used against infectious diseases. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-a583439af7c24fc7aac8f243eeac65d02025-08-20T02:00:50ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822024-11-011312110910.3390/antibiotics13121109In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological AnalysisEwunkem Akamu0Lydia Merrills1Zahirah Williams2Brittany Justice3Uchenna Iloghalu4Vera Williams5Dinesh Singh6Department of Biological Sciences, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USADepartment of Nursing, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USADepartment of Nursing, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USAUNC Health Care Hillsborough, Hillsborough, NC 27278, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA<b>Background:</b> Infectious diseases caused by bacteria are life-threating and are among the major causes of death in the world. Antibiotics have offered humans a new approach to infection control. Antibiotics are reckoned as the “magic bullets” for the fight against bacterial infections, therefore increasing life expectancy and decreasing mortality and morbidity. However, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the persistent growth of resistant bacterial pathogens. New antimicrobial approaches against resistant pathogens are being examined. Mushrooms seem to be a promising, and possibly more efficient, alternative method to that of conventional antimicrobials. This work aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of ethanolic, aqueous, and dual solvent extracts of mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>. <b>Methods:</b> The antimicrobial studies were carried out by broth dilution against Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The present research work was also carried out to examine genomic changes associated with ethanolic, aqueous, and dual solvent extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i> in <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i>. <b>Results</b>: Our data quantitatively showed that all the extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i> were found to exhibit various degrees of antimicrobial effects against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i> where the ethanolic extract exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity. SEM images showed untreated cells with normal cell characteristics while, after treatment with extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i>, cells appeared damaged with irregular cell surfaces and cell wall defacement. The results of HPLC analysis showed that ethanolic and aqueous extract of <i>G. lucidum</i> consisted of beta[1-3] glucans, ganoderic acid, and triterpenoids. Genomic analysis identified selective sweeps in several genes associated with growth, biosynthesis transport, and stress. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study concludes that the extracts of three solvents of <i>G. lucidum</i> have antimicrobial activity against infectious bacteria causing morphological changes and the acquisition of mutations in genes. Therefore, the extracts of <i>G. lucidum</i> may be candidates for preventing infectious diseases in the future. <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> mushroom is therefore a reliable source of antimicrobial agent that can be used against infectious diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1109antimicrobialsmushroomslingzhi<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>infectious diseasesbacteria |
| spellingShingle | Ewunkem Akamu Lydia Merrills Zahirah Williams Brittany Justice Uchenna Iloghalu Vera Williams Dinesh Singh In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological Analysis Antibiotics antimicrobials mushrooms lingzhi <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> infectious diseases bacteria |
| title | In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological Analysis |
| title_full | In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological Analysis |
| title_fullStr | In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological Analysis |
| title_short | In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic, Aqueous, and Dual Solvent Extracts of Mushroom <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>: Genomic and Morphological Analysis |
| title_sort | in vitro antimicrobial efficacy assessment of ethanolic aqueous and dual solvent extracts of mushroom i ganoderma lucidum i genomic and morphological analysis |
| topic | antimicrobials mushrooms lingzhi <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> infectious diseases bacteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1109 |
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