A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray data

Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrum imaging yields compositional information with a spatial resolution down to the atomic level. However, experimental limitations often produce extremely sparse and noisy EDX spectra. Under such conditions, every detected x-ray must be leveraged to obtain the maxi...

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Main Authors: Pau Torruella, Abderrahim Halimi, Ludovica Tovaglieri, Céline Lichtensteiger, Duncan T L Alexander, Cécile Hébert
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:Machine Learning: Science and Technology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/add8e1
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author Pau Torruella
Abderrahim Halimi
Ludovica Tovaglieri
Céline Lichtensteiger
Duncan T L Alexander
Cécile Hébert
author_facet Pau Torruella
Abderrahim Halimi
Ludovica Tovaglieri
Céline Lichtensteiger
Duncan T L Alexander
Cécile Hébert
author_sort Pau Torruella
collection DOAJ
description Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrum imaging yields compositional information with a spatial resolution down to the atomic level. However, experimental limitations often produce extremely sparse and noisy EDX spectra. Under such conditions, every detected x-ray must be leveraged to obtain the maximum possible amount of information about the sample. To this end, we introduce a robust multiscale Bayesian approach that accounts for the Poisson statistics in the EDX data and leverages their underlying spatial correlations. This is combined with EDX spectral simulation (elemental contributions and Bremsstrahlung background) into a Bayesian estimation strategy. When tested using simulated datasets, the chemical maps obtained with this approach are more accurate and preserve a higher spatial resolution than those obtained by standard methods. These properties translate to experimental datasets, where the method enhances the atomic resolution chemical maps of a canonical tetragonal ferroelectric PbTiO _3 sample, such that ferroelectric domains are mapped with unit-cell resolution.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2632-2153
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spelling doaj-art-a571f99ba93a45c381d33fee3f41d6992025-08-20T03:47:58ZengIOP PublishingMachine Learning: Science and Technology2632-21532025-01-016202504310.1088/2632-2153/add8e1A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray dataPau Torruella0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-4000Abderrahim Halimi1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8112-5352Ludovica Tovaglieri2https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3226-3888Céline Lichtensteiger3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9796-8071Duncan T L Alexander4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-8587Cécile Hébert5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7086-1901Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME), Institute of Physics (IPHYS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, SwitzerlandSchool of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh, United KingdomDepartment of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva , Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva , Geneva, SwitzerlandElectron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME), Institute of Physics (IPHYS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, SwitzerlandElectron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME), Institute of Physics (IPHYS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, SwitzerlandEnergy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrum imaging yields compositional information with a spatial resolution down to the atomic level. However, experimental limitations often produce extremely sparse and noisy EDX spectra. Under such conditions, every detected x-ray must be leveraged to obtain the maximum possible amount of information about the sample. To this end, we introduce a robust multiscale Bayesian approach that accounts for the Poisson statistics in the EDX data and leverages their underlying spatial correlations. This is combined with EDX spectral simulation (elemental contributions and Bremsstrahlung background) into a Bayesian estimation strategy. When tested using simulated datasets, the chemical maps obtained with this approach are more accurate and preserve a higher spatial resolution than those obtained by standard methods. These properties translate to experimental datasets, where the method enhances the atomic resolution chemical maps of a canonical tetragonal ferroelectric PbTiO _3 sample, such that ferroelectric domains are mapped with unit-cell resolution.https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/add8e1multiscaleBayesiandenoisingenergy dispersive x-ray spectroscopychemical quantificationelectron microscopy
spellingShingle Pau Torruella
Abderrahim Halimi
Ludovica Tovaglieri
Céline Lichtensteiger
Duncan T L Alexander
Cécile Hébert
A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray data
Machine Learning: Science and Technology
multiscale
Bayesian
denoising
energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
chemical quantification
electron microscopy
title A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray data
title_full A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray data
title_fullStr A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray data
title_full_unstemmed A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray data
title_short A multiscale Bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy-dispersive x-ray data
title_sort multiscale bayesian approach to quantification and denoising of energy dispersive x ray data
topic multiscale
Bayesian
denoising
energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
chemical quantification
electron microscopy
url https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/add8e1
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