The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment
The development of the nervous system is a highly complex process orchestrated by a multitude of factors, including various immune elements. These immune components play a dual role, not only regulating the immune response but also actively influencing brain development under both physiological and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2025.1451889/full |
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| author | Chong Wang Chong Wang Tingting He Tingting He Jie Qin Jie Qin Jie Qin Jianwei Jiao Jianwei Jiao Jianwei Jiao Fen Ji Fen Ji Fen Ji |
| author_facet | Chong Wang Chong Wang Tingting He Tingting He Jie Qin Jie Qin Jie Qin Jianwei Jiao Jianwei Jiao Jianwei Jiao Fen Ji Fen Ji Fen Ji |
| author_sort | Chong Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development of the nervous system is a highly complex process orchestrated by a multitude of factors, including various immune elements. These immune components play a dual role, not only regulating the immune response but also actively influencing brain development under both physiological and pathological conditions. The brain’s immune barrier includes microglia in the brain parenchyma, which act as resident macrophages, astrocytes that support neuronal function and contribute to the inflammatory response, as well as circulating immune cells that reside at the brain’s borders, including the choroid plexus, meninges, and perivascular spaces. Cytokines—soluble signaling molecules released by immune cells—play a crucial role in mediating communication between immune cells and the developing nervous system. Cytokines regulate processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic pruning, and inflammation, helping to shape the neural environment. Dysregulation of these immune cells, astrocytes, or cytokine signaling can lead to alterations in neurodevelopment, potentially contributing to neurodevelopmental abnormalities. This article reviews the central role of microglia, astrocytes, cytokines, and other immune factors in neurodevelopment, and explores how neuroinflammation can lead to the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders, shedding new light on their pathogenesis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a551b5313327479e9fe5c8df63dca430 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1662-5102 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj-art-a551b5313327479e9fe5c8df63dca4302025-08-20T03:08:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022025-04-011910.3389/fncel.2025.14518891451889The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopmentChong Wang0Chong Wang1Tingting He2Tingting He3Jie Qin4Jie Qin5Jie Qin6Jianwei Jiao7Jianwei Jiao8Jianwei Jiao9Fen Ji10Fen Ji11Fen Ji12State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, ChinaThe development of the nervous system is a highly complex process orchestrated by a multitude of factors, including various immune elements. These immune components play a dual role, not only regulating the immune response but also actively influencing brain development under both physiological and pathological conditions. The brain’s immune barrier includes microglia in the brain parenchyma, which act as resident macrophages, astrocytes that support neuronal function and contribute to the inflammatory response, as well as circulating immune cells that reside at the brain’s borders, including the choroid plexus, meninges, and perivascular spaces. Cytokines—soluble signaling molecules released by immune cells—play a crucial role in mediating communication between immune cells and the developing nervous system. Cytokines regulate processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic pruning, and inflammation, helping to shape the neural environment. Dysregulation of these immune cells, astrocytes, or cytokine signaling can lead to alterations in neurodevelopment, potentially contributing to neurodevelopmental abnormalities. This article reviews the central role of microglia, astrocytes, cytokines, and other immune factors in neurodevelopment, and explores how neuroinflammation can lead to the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders, shedding new light on their pathogenesis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2025.1451889/fullcytokinemicrogliameningesmaternal immune activationimmunity |
| spellingShingle | Chong Wang Chong Wang Tingting He Tingting He Jie Qin Jie Qin Jie Qin Jianwei Jiao Jianwei Jiao Jianwei Jiao Fen Ji Fen Ji Fen Ji The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience cytokine microglia meninges maternal immune activation immunity |
| title | The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment |
| title_full | The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment |
| title_fullStr | The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment |
| title_full_unstemmed | The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment |
| title_short | The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment |
| title_sort | roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment |
| topic | cytokine microglia meninges maternal immune activation immunity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2025.1451889/full |
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