Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction Measures
PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in major port cities in the Republic of Korea, such as Incheon and Busan, are as serious as those in land-based metropolises, such as Seoul, and fine dust generated in port cities is mainly emitted from ships. To identify the specific substances influencin...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Moon-Seok Kang Jee-Ho Kim Young Sunwoo Ki-Ho Hong |
| author_facet | Moon-Seok Kang Jee-Ho Kim Young Sunwoo Ki-Ho Hong |
| author_sort | Moon-Seok Kang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in major port cities in the Republic of Korea, such as Incheon and Busan, are as serious as those in land-based metropolises, such as Seoul, and fine dust generated in port cities is mainly emitted from ships. To identify the specific substances influencing local air quality, the occurrence and effects of high concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> at the ports of Incheon and Busan were analyzed. To analyze the effects of improving air quality based on the Republic of Korea’s port and ship-related reduction measures, we calculated an emissions forecast for 2025 following the implementation/non-implementation of these measures and analyzed all impacts using the WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling system. The ratio of ionic components constituting PM<sub>2.5</sub> at the ports of Incheon and Busan was generally high in nitrate composition; however, the ratio of sulfate was high on high PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration days. When implementing measures to reduce emissions related to ports and ships, forecasted PM<sub>2.5</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> emissions showed substantial decreases in port areas as well as nearby land and sea areas. The associated decrease in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration was highly influential in reducing the concentration of sulfate. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a436160e43a94943b9dcd4ed0b2ceae9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj-art-a436160e43a94943b9dcd4ed0b2ceae92025-08-20T01:56:20ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332025-04-0116552110.3390/atmos16050521Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction MeasuresMoon-Seok Kang0Jee-Ho Kim1Young Sunwoo2Ki-Ho Hong3Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaPM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in major port cities in the Republic of Korea, such as Incheon and Busan, are as serious as those in land-based metropolises, such as Seoul, and fine dust generated in port cities is mainly emitted from ships. To identify the specific substances influencing local air quality, the occurrence and effects of high concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> at the ports of Incheon and Busan were analyzed. To analyze the effects of improving air quality based on the Republic of Korea’s port and ship-related reduction measures, we calculated an emissions forecast for 2025 following the implementation/non-implementation of these measures and analyzed all impacts using the WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling system. The ratio of ionic components constituting PM<sub>2.5</sub> at the ports of Incheon and Busan was generally high in nitrate composition; however, the ratio of sulfate was high on high PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration days. When implementing measures to reduce emissions related to ports and ships, forecasted PM<sub>2.5</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> emissions showed substantial decreases in port areas as well as nearby land and sea areas. The associated decrease in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration was highly influential in reducing the concentration of sulfate.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/5/521ship emissionsPM<sub>2.5</sub>air quality modelingCMAQ |
| spellingShingle | Moon-Seok Kang Jee-Ho Kim Young Sunwoo Ki-Ho Hong Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction Measures Atmosphere ship emissions PM<sub>2.5</sub> air quality modeling CMAQ |
| title | Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction Measures |
| title_full | Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction Measures |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction Measures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction Measures |
| title_short | Analysis of Fine Dust Impacts on Incheon and Busan Port Areas Resulting from Port Emission Reduction Measures |
| title_sort | analysis of fine dust impacts on incheon and busan port areas resulting from port emission reduction measures |
| topic | ship emissions PM<sub>2.5</sub> air quality modeling CMAQ |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/5/521 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT moonseokkang analysisoffinedustimpactsonincheonandbusanportareasresultingfromportemissionreductionmeasures AT jeehokim analysisoffinedustimpactsonincheonandbusanportareasresultingfromportemissionreductionmeasures AT youngsunwoo analysisoffinedustimpactsonincheonandbusanportareasresultingfromportemissionreductionmeasures AT kihohong analysisoffinedustimpactsonincheonandbusanportareasresultingfromportemissionreductionmeasures |