Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from Mexico
Abstract Particle emissions from vehicular traffic are one of the main sources of heavy metals in cities. During the COVID- 19 pandemic, mobility was reduced, which created the opportunity to measure baseline heavy metal pollution in cities. Citizens took urban dust samples at 25 sites inside and ou...
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Springer
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Discover Environment |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00242-6 |
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| author | Lucía Reyes M. Ángeles Gallegos Avto Gogichaishvili Joaquín Aguilar Francisco Bautista |
| author_facet | Lucía Reyes M. Ángeles Gallegos Avto Gogichaishvili Joaquín Aguilar Francisco Bautista |
| author_sort | Lucía Reyes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Particle emissions from vehicular traffic are one of the main sources of heavy metals in cities. During the COVID- 19 pandemic, mobility was reduced, which created the opportunity to measure baseline heavy metal pollution in cities. Citizens took urban dust samples at 25 sites inside and outside their homes, with four repetitions; 159 urban dust samples were analyzed. The elements analyzed with FRX equipment in triplicate were Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zn, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Zr, Nb, Sn, Sb, V and Ag. The contamination factor and health risk indices were calculated, and the most contaminated sites were geographically identified. The highest average values for the contamination factor were those of copper, vanadium, and zinc. The other metals presented moderate contamination. The extreme contamination cases with values higher than CF > 6 were Cu indoors, Mn outdoors, Pb indoors, and Ni, V, and Zn in both cases. The health risk index, no danger was observed in adults and children. However, sites 2 and 6, located in the east and southeast of the city, were the most contaminated outdoors, while indoors, they were sites 1 and 20 in the southwest and west, respectively. The results of this study carried out under low mobility conditions allowed the identification of two possible background levels for heavy metals: (a) the first decile and (b) the median value of the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V and Zn, for tourist cities and industrial cities in karst areas. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a42b6a8bdf524adf8235bd8273a7d65b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2731-9431 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
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| series | Discover Environment |
| spelling | doaj-art-a42b6a8bdf524adf8235bd8273a7d65b2025-08-20T03:18:22ZengSpringerDiscover Environment2731-94312025-04-013111310.1007/s44274-025-00242-6Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from MexicoLucía Reyes0M. Ángeles Gallegos1Avto Gogichaishvili2Joaquín Aguilar3Francisco Bautista4Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, UNAM, MexicoLaboratorio Universitario de Geofísica Ambiental del Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoLaboratorio Universitario de Geofísica Ambiental del Instituto de Geofísica, Unidad Michoacán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoUniversidad del OrienteLaboratorio Universitario de Geofísica Ambiental del Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoAbstract Particle emissions from vehicular traffic are one of the main sources of heavy metals in cities. During the COVID- 19 pandemic, mobility was reduced, which created the opportunity to measure baseline heavy metal pollution in cities. Citizens took urban dust samples at 25 sites inside and outside their homes, with four repetitions; 159 urban dust samples were analyzed. The elements analyzed with FRX equipment in triplicate were Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zn, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Zr, Nb, Sn, Sb, V and Ag. The contamination factor and health risk indices were calculated, and the most contaminated sites were geographically identified. The highest average values for the contamination factor were those of copper, vanadium, and zinc. The other metals presented moderate contamination. The extreme contamination cases with values higher than CF > 6 were Cu indoors, Mn outdoors, Pb indoors, and Ni, V, and Zn in both cases. The health risk index, no danger was observed in adults and children. However, sites 2 and 6, located in the east and southeast of the city, were the most contaminated outdoors, while indoors, they were sites 1 and 20 in the southwest and west, respectively. The results of this study carried out under low mobility conditions allowed the identification of two possible background levels for heavy metals: (a) the first decile and (b) the median value of the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V and Zn, for tourist cities and industrial cities in karst areas.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00242-6ContaminationToxic elementsUrban environmentLow mobilityHealth risk |
| spellingShingle | Lucía Reyes M. Ángeles Gallegos Avto Gogichaishvili Joaquín Aguilar Francisco Bautista Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from Mexico Discover Environment Contamination Toxic elements Urban environment Low mobility Health risk |
| title | Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from Mexico |
| title_full | Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from Mexico |
| title_fullStr | Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from Mexico |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from Mexico |
| title_short | Diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the COVID- 19 pandemic in a tourist city from Mexico |
| title_sort | diagnosis of heavy metals in urban dust during the covid 19 pandemic in a tourist city from mexico |
| topic | Contamination Toxic elements Urban environment Low mobility Health risk |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00242-6 |
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