The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency
Abstract Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a prevalent condition that impacts female reproductive health and overall well-being. It is characterized by ovarian dysfunction, estrogen deficiency, and increased gonadotropin levels in women under 40 years old. The exact etiology and pathogenesis...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Ovarian Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-025-01714-2 |
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| author | Yanjing Huang Zhuo Liu Yuli Geng Fan Li Runan Hu Yufan Song Mingmin Zhang Kunkun Song |
| author_facet | Yanjing Huang Zhuo Liu Yuli Geng Fan Li Runan Hu Yufan Song Mingmin Zhang Kunkun Song |
| author_sort | Yanjing Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a prevalent condition that impacts female reproductive health and overall well-being. It is characterized by ovarian dysfunction, estrogen deficiency, and increased gonadotropin levels in women under 40 years old. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of POI remain incompletely understood, posing significant challenges for its treatment and prevention. This review article examines the pathogenic factors and mechanisms involved in POI, with a particular focus on the impact of environmental toxicants such as atmospheric particulate matter, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pesticides, microplastics, heavy metals, and cigarette smoke on the development of POI. Furthermore, the treatments for POI are outlined, encompassing hormone replacement therapy, stem cell and exosome therapy, melatonin therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, in vitro activation, platelet-rich plasma therapy, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The primary objective is to raise awareness about the potential detrimental effects of environmental toxicant exposure on ovarian function and reserve, urging individuals to minimize their exposure to harmful substances and advocate for environmental protection. This review also aims to serve as a valuable resource for the prevention and management of POI. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a3a85c4b8e1848edb65fe8c64cfc937f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1757-2215 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Ovarian Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-a3a85c4b8e1848edb65fe8c64cfc937f2025-08-20T02:10:38ZengBMCJournal of Ovarian Research1757-22152025-06-0118113110.1186/s13048-025-01714-2The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiencyYanjing Huang0Zhuo Liu1Yuli Geng2Fan Li3Runan Hu4Yufan Song5Mingmin Zhang6Kunkun Song7Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyAbstract Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a prevalent condition that impacts female reproductive health and overall well-being. It is characterized by ovarian dysfunction, estrogen deficiency, and increased gonadotropin levels in women under 40 years old. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of POI remain incompletely understood, posing significant challenges for its treatment and prevention. This review article examines the pathogenic factors and mechanisms involved in POI, with a particular focus on the impact of environmental toxicants such as atmospheric particulate matter, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pesticides, microplastics, heavy metals, and cigarette smoke on the development of POI. Furthermore, the treatments for POI are outlined, encompassing hormone replacement therapy, stem cell and exosome therapy, melatonin therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, in vitro activation, platelet-rich plasma therapy, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The primary objective is to raise awareness about the potential detrimental effects of environmental toxicant exposure on ovarian function and reserve, urging individuals to minimize their exposure to harmful substances and advocate for environmental protection. This review also aims to serve as a valuable resource for the prevention and management of POI.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-025-01714-2Premature ovarian insufficiencyRisk factorEnvironmental toxicantsPathogenesisTreatment |
| spellingShingle | Yanjing Huang Zhuo Liu Yuli Geng Fan Li Runan Hu Yufan Song Mingmin Zhang Kunkun Song The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency Journal of Ovarian Research Premature ovarian insufficiency Risk factor Environmental toxicants Pathogenesis Treatment |
| title | The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency |
| title_full | The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency |
| title_fullStr | The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency |
| title_full_unstemmed | The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency |
| title_short | The risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency |
| title_sort | risk factors pathogenesis and treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency |
| topic | Premature ovarian insufficiency Risk factor Environmental toxicants Pathogenesis Treatment |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-025-01714-2 |
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