Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography
In this study, a magnet-integrated fabric phase sorptive extraction (MI-FPSE) protocol was developed in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography—diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the simultaneous determination of five phenylurea pesticides (i.e., chlorbromuron, diuron, linuron, metoxu...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Natalia Manousi Apostolia Tsiasioti Abuzar Kabir Erwin Rosenberg |
| author_facet | Natalia Manousi Apostolia Tsiasioti Abuzar Kabir Erwin Rosenberg |
| author_sort | Natalia Manousi |
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| description | In this study, a magnet-integrated fabric phase sorptive extraction (MI-FPSE) protocol was developed in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography—diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the simultaneous determination of five phenylurea pesticides (i.e., chlorbromuron, diuron, linuron, metoxuron, monuron) in environmental water samples. To produce the MI-FPSE device, two individual sol-gel coated carbowax 20 M (CW 20 M) cellulose membranes were fabricated and stitched to each other, while a magnetic rod was inserted between them to give the resulting device the ability to spin and serve as a stand-alone microextraction platform. The adsorption and desorption step of the MI-FPSE protocol was optimized to achieve high extraction efficiency and the MI-FPSE-HPLC-DAD method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision. The limits of detection (LODs) were found to be 0.3 μg L<sup>−1</sup>. The relative recoveries were 85.2–110.0% for the intra-day and 87.7–103.2% for the inter-day study. The relative standard deviations were better than 13% in all cases. The green character and the practicality of the developed procedure were assessed using ComplexGAPI and Blue Analytical Grade Index metric tools, showing good method performance. Finally, the developed method was successfully used for the analysis of tap, river, and lake water samples. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a3961c0f341f433586f39ef38f4fdc16 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-a3961c0f341f433586f39ef38f4fdc162025-08-20T04:00:53ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013015313510.3390/molecules30153135Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid ChromatographyNatalia Manousi0Apostolia Tsiasioti1Abuzar Kabir2Erwin Rosenberg3Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, AustriaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33131, USAInstitute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, AustriaIn this study, a magnet-integrated fabric phase sorptive extraction (MI-FPSE) protocol was developed in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography—diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the simultaneous determination of five phenylurea pesticides (i.e., chlorbromuron, diuron, linuron, metoxuron, monuron) in environmental water samples. To produce the MI-FPSE device, two individual sol-gel coated carbowax 20 M (CW 20 M) cellulose membranes were fabricated and stitched to each other, while a magnetic rod was inserted between them to give the resulting device the ability to spin and serve as a stand-alone microextraction platform. The adsorption and desorption step of the MI-FPSE protocol was optimized to achieve high extraction efficiency and the MI-FPSE-HPLC-DAD method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision. The limits of detection (LODs) were found to be 0.3 μg L<sup>−1</sup>. The relative recoveries were 85.2–110.0% for the intra-day and 87.7–103.2% for the inter-day study. The relative standard deviations were better than 13% in all cases. The green character and the practicality of the developed procedure were assessed using ComplexGAPI and Blue Analytical Grade Index metric tools, showing good method performance. Finally, the developed method was successfully used for the analysis of tap, river, and lake water samples.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3135phenylurea herbicidesmagnet-integrated fabric phase extractionwaterenvironmental analysisHPLC-DAD |
| spellingShingle | Natalia Manousi Apostolia Tsiasioti Abuzar Kabir Erwin Rosenberg Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography Molecules phenylurea herbicides magnet-integrated fabric phase extraction water environmental analysis HPLC-DAD |
| title | Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| title_full | Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| title_fullStr | Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| title_short | Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples by Magnet-Integrated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| title_sort | determination of phenylurea herbicides in water samples by magnet integrated fabric phase sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography |
| topic | phenylurea herbicides magnet-integrated fabric phase extraction water environmental analysis HPLC-DAD |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3135 |
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