Women living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, India
Abstract Background Women living with HIV bear a disproportionate burden of stigma, especially in countries where gender discrimination is more common. A result is widespread domestic violence against women. This violence is itself stigmatized, but the intersectional stigma of HIV and domestic viole...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s44263-024-00122-w |
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| author | Reshmi Mukerji David Osrin Jenevieve Mannell |
| author_facet | Reshmi Mukerji David Osrin Jenevieve Mannell |
| author_sort | Reshmi Mukerji |
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| description | Abstract Background Women living with HIV bear a disproportionate burden of stigma, especially in countries where gender discrimination is more common. A result is widespread domestic violence against women. This violence is itself stigmatized, but the intersectional stigma of HIV and domestic violence has not been well studied. Our work aimed to fill this research gap by exploring how domestic violence and HIV stigma intersect with other marginalized identities in women’s lives. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Kolkata, India with 31 women living with HIV and 16 key informants to gain an understanding of intersecting stigmas. Interviewees discussed women’s experiences and perceptions of stigma and discrimination around HIV, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities. The coding of data was informed by an intersectional stigma framework. Thematic Network Analysis was used to group themes originating in the data into higher-order themes connecting to a global theme. Results The findings presented are a qualitative self-report of violence. The three main themes developed were (1) the intersectional stigma of HIV and domestic violence amplified stigma as a whole, (2) the intersection of multiple stigmas worsens domestic violence, and (3) the stigma of HIV hides domestic violence. Specifically, HIV stigma triggered domestic violence and perpetrators reinforced HIV stigma through verbal abuse. Women with other marginalized identities, such as having daughters or being a widow, experienced substantial violence. Domestic violence stigma was worsened by HIV stigma as women hid the violence for fear of revealing their status. As a result, help-seeking from formal and informal sources decreased, which increased women’s isolation. Conclusions The findings shape new understandings of how intersectional stigma of HIV, domestic violence, and marginalized social identities interact to amplify stigma and related violence. Women living with HIV who have multiple marginalized identities should be prioritized for violence reduction interventions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a34ab9dbfd7c4daab5b34703330c4b52 |
| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Global and Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-a34ab9dbfd7c4daab5b34703330c4b522025-08-20T01:48:17ZengBMCBMC Global and Public Health2731-913X2025-01-013111310.1186/s44263-024-00122-wWomen living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, IndiaReshmi Mukerji0David Osrin1Jenevieve Mannell2Institute for Global Health, University College LondonInstitute for Global Health, University College LondonInstitute for Global Health, University College LondonAbstract Background Women living with HIV bear a disproportionate burden of stigma, especially in countries where gender discrimination is more common. A result is widespread domestic violence against women. This violence is itself stigmatized, but the intersectional stigma of HIV and domestic violence has not been well studied. Our work aimed to fill this research gap by exploring how domestic violence and HIV stigma intersect with other marginalized identities in women’s lives. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Kolkata, India with 31 women living with HIV and 16 key informants to gain an understanding of intersecting stigmas. Interviewees discussed women’s experiences and perceptions of stigma and discrimination around HIV, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities. The coding of data was informed by an intersectional stigma framework. Thematic Network Analysis was used to group themes originating in the data into higher-order themes connecting to a global theme. Results The findings presented are a qualitative self-report of violence. The three main themes developed were (1) the intersectional stigma of HIV and domestic violence amplified stigma as a whole, (2) the intersection of multiple stigmas worsens domestic violence, and (3) the stigma of HIV hides domestic violence. Specifically, HIV stigma triggered domestic violence and perpetrators reinforced HIV stigma through verbal abuse. Women with other marginalized identities, such as having daughters or being a widow, experienced substantial violence. Domestic violence stigma was worsened by HIV stigma as women hid the violence for fear of revealing their status. As a result, help-seeking from formal and informal sources decreased, which increased women’s isolation. Conclusions The findings shape new understandings of how intersectional stigma of HIV, domestic violence, and marginalized social identities interact to amplify stigma and related violence. Women living with HIV who have multiple marginalized identities should be prioritized for violence reduction interventions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s44263-024-00122-wIntersectional stigmaDomestic violenceWomenHIVIndia |
| spellingShingle | Reshmi Mukerji David Osrin Jenevieve Mannell Women living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, India BMC Global and Public Health Intersectional stigma Domestic violence Women HIV India |
| title | Women living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, India |
| title_full | Women living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, India |
| title_fullStr | Women living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Women living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, India |
| title_short | Women living with HIV face intersectional stigma from infection, domestic violence, and other marginalized identities: a qualitative study in West Bengal, India |
| title_sort | women living with hiv face intersectional stigma from infection domestic violence and other marginalized identities a qualitative study in west bengal india |
| topic | Intersectional stigma Domestic violence Women HIV India |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s44263-024-00122-w |
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