Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed Strawberry
Strawberry (<i>Fragaria ananassa</i>) is a widely grown horticultural crop, which exists in red, yellow, and white varieties. In recent years, the white-fleshed strawberry variety is gaining more attention from consumers for its unique taste and appearance, but a comprehensive understand...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2860 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850040581803212800 |
|---|---|
| author | Linlin Xu Xiaodong Chen Qinglian Wang Mizhen Zhao Yushan Qiao Zhaobiao Xie Chuanwen Sun Miao Sun Weijian Cai |
| author_facet | Linlin Xu Xiaodong Chen Qinglian Wang Mizhen Zhao Yushan Qiao Zhaobiao Xie Chuanwen Sun Miao Sun Weijian Cai |
| author_sort | Linlin Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Strawberry (<i>Fragaria ananassa</i>) is a widely grown horticultural crop, which exists in red, yellow, and white varieties. In recent years, the white-fleshed strawberry variety is gaining more attention from consumers for its unique taste and appearance, but a comprehensive understanding of the molecular processes governing the ripening of white-fleshed strawberry remains undisclosed. In this study, based on the joint analysis of physiology, metabolome, and transcriptome, we screened and identified the key metabolites that were highly correlated to the maturation of white-fleshed strawberry (cv. ‘snow white’, SW for short) fruits. In contrast to red-fleshed strawberries, SW fruits exhibited three main ripening stages during the maturation, accompanied by the increases in total soluble solid and total sugar and the declines in total anthocyanin and total acid. Metabolomic analysis identified 832 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) at the secondary level of LC-MS/MS, and further investigations suggested that the increase in sucrose, citric acid, and epicatechin levels potentially play a role in the ripening process of SW fruits. Furthermore, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate were recognized as the primary phytohormones involved in the production of these metabolites. The enrichment analysis of RNA-Seq data revealed that the differential expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily attributed to the pathways of ‘Starch and sucrose metabolism’ and ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ but were undetected in ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ at the late ripening stage. Moreover, the de novo biosynthesis pathway, WGCNA, and Pearson correlation analysis indicated a direct relationship between <i>FaSPS1</i>, <i>FaSPP1</i>, and <i>FaSPP2</i> with sucrose, <i>FaPEPC1</i>, <i>FaV</i>-<i>PPase2</i>, and <i>FaV</i>-<i>PPase3</i> with citric acid, and <i>Fa4CL2</i>, <i>Fa4CL3</i>, and <i>FaANR1</i> with anthocyanin. Further analysis revealed a co-expression of MYBs, bHLHs, NACs, and WRKYs with the structural genes mentioned. Overall, our findings uncovered a molecular mechanism regulating the maturation of white-fleshed strawberry, providing valuable insights for enhancing the flavor of white-fleshed strawberry through the gene-editing technique. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a33c3812e71d45e0a60d37fa3fdb1ca3 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-a33c3812e71d45e0a60d37fa3fdb1ca32025-08-20T02:56:03ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952024-11-011412286010.3390/agronomy14122860Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed StrawberryLinlin Xu0Xiaodong Chen1Qinglian Wang2Mizhen Zhao3Yushan Qiao4Zhaobiao Xie5Chuanwen Sun6Miao Sun7Weijian Cai8Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaAgricultural Technology Extension Center of Yandu District, Yancheng 224002, ChinaAgricultural Technology Extension Center of Yandu District, Yancheng 224002, ChinaCollege of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaStrawberry (<i>Fragaria ananassa</i>) is a widely grown horticultural crop, which exists in red, yellow, and white varieties. In recent years, the white-fleshed strawberry variety is gaining more attention from consumers for its unique taste and appearance, but a comprehensive understanding of the molecular processes governing the ripening of white-fleshed strawberry remains undisclosed. In this study, based on the joint analysis of physiology, metabolome, and transcriptome, we screened and identified the key metabolites that were highly correlated to the maturation of white-fleshed strawberry (cv. ‘snow white’, SW for short) fruits. In contrast to red-fleshed strawberries, SW fruits exhibited three main ripening stages during the maturation, accompanied by the increases in total soluble solid and total sugar and the declines in total anthocyanin and total acid. Metabolomic analysis identified 832 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) at the secondary level of LC-MS/MS, and further investigations suggested that the increase in sucrose, citric acid, and epicatechin levels potentially play a role in the ripening process of SW fruits. Furthermore, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate were recognized as the primary phytohormones involved in the production of these metabolites. The enrichment analysis of RNA-Seq data revealed that the differential expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily attributed to the pathways of ‘Starch and sucrose metabolism’ and ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ but were undetected in ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ at the late ripening stage. Moreover, the de novo biosynthesis pathway, WGCNA, and Pearson correlation analysis indicated a direct relationship between <i>FaSPS1</i>, <i>FaSPP1</i>, and <i>FaSPP2</i> with sucrose, <i>FaPEPC1</i>, <i>FaV</i>-<i>PPase2</i>, and <i>FaV</i>-<i>PPase3</i> with citric acid, and <i>Fa4CL2</i>, <i>Fa4CL3</i>, and <i>FaANR1</i> with anthocyanin. Further analysis revealed a co-expression of MYBs, bHLHs, NACs, and WRKYs with the structural genes mentioned. Overall, our findings uncovered a molecular mechanism regulating the maturation of white-fleshed strawberry, providing valuable insights for enhancing the flavor of white-fleshed strawberry through the gene-editing technique.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2860white-fleshed strawberryripeningsucrosecitric acidanthocyanin |
| spellingShingle | Linlin Xu Xiaodong Chen Qinglian Wang Mizhen Zhao Yushan Qiao Zhaobiao Xie Chuanwen Sun Miao Sun Weijian Cai Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed Strawberry Agronomy white-fleshed strawberry ripening sucrose citric acid anthocyanin |
| title | Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed Strawberry |
| title_full | Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed Strawberry |
| title_fullStr | Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed Strawberry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed Strawberry |
| title_short | Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Maturation Mechanism of White-Fleshed Strawberry |
| title_sort | metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed the maturation mechanism of white fleshed strawberry |
| topic | white-fleshed strawberry ripening sucrose citric acid anthocyanin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2860 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT linlinxu metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT xiaodongchen metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT qinglianwang metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT mizhenzhao metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT yushanqiao metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT zhaobiaoxie metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT chuanwensun metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT miaosun metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry AT weijiancai metabolomicandtranscriptomicanalysisrevealedthematurationmechanismofwhitefleshedstrawberry |