Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report
Background/Objectives: Emotional interactions between mothers and children are essential for later developmental outcomes such as children’s health, social competence, and language skills. However, an observational assessment of such interactions cannot reveal how mothers perceive their relationship...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Nozomi Kanehira Young Ae Kang Eriko Suwa Sugako Asaeda Toshihiko Tsutsumi Keiko Tsuji Koudai Fukudome Mina Nakano Masamichi Yuzawa |
| author_facet | Nozomi Kanehira Young Ae Kang Eriko Suwa Sugako Asaeda Toshihiko Tsutsumi Keiko Tsuji Koudai Fukudome Mina Nakano Masamichi Yuzawa |
| author_sort | Nozomi Kanehira |
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| description | Background/Objectives: Emotional interactions between mothers and children are essential for later developmental outcomes such as children’s health, social competence, and language skills. However, an observational assessment of such interactions cannot reveal how mothers perceive their relationships with their children. Therefore, in this study, we translated and validated the Japanese version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report (EA-SR-J) and examined its factor structure, reliability, and validity. Methods: The participants were 739 Japanese mothers with children aged from 1 month to 5 years and 11 months. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed 19 items and four factors (Affect Quality, Hostility, Mutual Attunement, and Child Involvement with Parent) for the EA-SR-J. However, Intrusiveness was removed, and some items were assigned to different factors compared with the original scale. Cronbach’s alpha of each subscale ranged from 0.81 to 0.88, indicating sufficient internal consistency. The convergent validity of the scale was confirmed with expected correlations with variables related to attachment and child-rearing style. Discriminant validity was confirmed by group differences in variables related to children’s autism spectrum disorder symptoms and mothers’ depression symptoms. Conclusions: Although the EA-SR-J contains fewer items than the original scale, with the Intrusiveness item removed, it remains a reliable and valid tool. Further studies using the Emotional Availability Scale based on observation are needed in the future. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a31e1899caa04a24baa19ec2ccb31142 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-a31e1899caa04a24baa19ec2ccb311422025-08-20T03:58:30ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672025-06-0112786710.3390/children12070867Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-ReportNozomi Kanehira0Young Ae Kang1Eriko Suwa2Sugako Asaeda3Toshihiko Tsutsumi4Keiko Tsuji5Koudai Fukudome6Mina Nakano7Masamichi Yuzawa8Department of Psychology, Fukuyama University, 985-1 Sanzo, Higashimura-cho, Fukuyama-shi 729-0292, Hiroshima, JapanClinic Ogura, 3-16-11 Wakabayashi, Setagaya-ku 154-0023, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Psychology, Mejiro University, 4-31-1 Naka-Ochiai, Shinjuku-ku 161-8539, Tokyo, JapanHiroshima City Mental Health and Welfare Center, 11-27 Fujimi-cho, Naka-ku, Hiroshima-shi 730-0043, Hiroshima, JapanDepartment of Psychology, Osaka University of Human Sciences, 1-4-1 Shojaku, Settsu-shi 566-8501, Osaka, JapanSchool Counselor, Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education, 9-42 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima-shi 730-0011, Hiroshima, JapanDepartment of Contemporary Human Sciences, St. Catherine University, 660 Hojo, Matsuyama-shi 799-2496, Ehime, JapanDepartment of Psychology, Fukuyama University, 985-1 Sanzo, Higashimura-cho, Fukuyama-shi 729-0292, Hiroshima, JapanGraduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi 739-8511, Hiroshima, JapanBackground/Objectives: Emotional interactions between mothers and children are essential for later developmental outcomes such as children’s health, social competence, and language skills. However, an observational assessment of such interactions cannot reveal how mothers perceive their relationships with their children. Therefore, in this study, we translated and validated the Japanese version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report (EA-SR-J) and examined its factor structure, reliability, and validity. Methods: The participants were 739 Japanese mothers with children aged from 1 month to 5 years and 11 months. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed 19 items and four factors (Affect Quality, Hostility, Mutual Attunement, and Child Involvement with Parent) for the EA-SR-J. However, Intrusiveness was removed, and some items were assigned to different factors compared with the original scale. Cronbach’s alpha of each subscale ranged from 0.81 to 0.88, indicating sufficient internal consistency. The convergent validity of the scale was confirmed with expected correlations with variables related to attachment and child-rearing style. Discriminant validity was confirmed by group differences in variables related to children’s autism spectrum disorder symptoms and mothers’ depression symptoms. Conclusions: Although the EA-SR-J contains fewer items than the original scale, with the Intrusiveness item removed, it remains a reliable and valid tool. Further studies using the Emotional Availability Scale based on observation are needed in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/7/867Emotional Availability Self-Reportmothers of infants and toddlersreliabilityvalidityJapan |
| spellingShingle | Nozomi Kanehira Young Ae Kang Eriko Suwa Sugako Asaeda Toshihiko Tsutsumi Keiko Tsuji Koudai Fukudome Mina Nakano Masamichi Yuzawa Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report Children Emotional Availability Self-Report mothers of infants and toddlers reliability validity Japan |
| title | Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report |
| title_full | Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report |
| title_fullStr | Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report |
| title_short | Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report |
| title_sort | factor structure and validity of the japanese version of the emotional availability self report |
| topic | Emotional Availability Self-Report mothers of infants and toddlers reliability validity Japan |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/7/867 |
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